Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to DKK3 quintiles.
| DKK3, ng/ml | P for Trend | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1: ˂ 26.9 | Q2: 26.9–30.8 | Q3: 30.8–35.0 | Q4: 35.0–40.7 | Q5: > 40.7 | |||||||
| (n = 1684) | (n = 1684) | (n = 1684) | (n = 1684) | (n = 1684) | |||||||
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 44 (10) | 47 (12) | 49 (12) | 52 (13) | 55 (13) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 803 (48) | 817 (49) | 846 (50) | 846 (51) | 870 (52) | 0.007 | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 127 (18) | 128 (19) | 128 (19.7) | 130 (22) | 132 (23) | < 0.001 | |||||
| BMI, mean (kg/m2) | 27.2 (4.7) | 26.3 (4.3) | 25.9 (4.2) | 25.6 (3.9) | 25.5 (3.8) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Smoking (last year) | 638 (38) | 647 (39) | 636 (38) | 643 (39) | 610 (37) | 0.414 | |||||
| Diabetes | 67 (4) | 63 (4) | 55 (3) | 67 (4) | 77 (5) | 0.310 | |||||
| Hypertension | 398 (24) | 405 (24) | 415 (25) | 511 (31) | 552 (33) | < 0.001 | |||||
| CKD | 218 (14) | 204 (13) | 264 (17) | 301 (19) | 374 (23) | < 0.001 | |||||
| CVD | 56 (3) | 89 (6) | 124 (8) | 130 (8) | 165 (10) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.4–5.2) | 4.7 (4.3–5.2) | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.001 | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 103 (92–111) | 100 (89–110) | 97 (86–107) | 94 (81–105) | 88 (74–100) | < 0.001 | |||||
| 24 h UAE (mg/24 h) | 9.0 (6.3–16.1) | 9.0 (6.3–15.4) | 9.3 (6.3–17.4) | 10.0 (6.4–19.4) | 10.1 (6.4–21.9) | < 0.001 | |||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.7 (0.7–4.0) | 1.3 (0.6–3.1) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | < 0.001 | |||||
Continuous variables are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data and as median (interquartile range, IQR) for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables are represented as n (%).
BMI Body mass index, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CRP C-reactive protein, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DKK3 Dickkopf-3, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, SBP Systolic blood pressure, UAE Urinary albumin excretion.