Table 1.
Univariate analysis of the demographic data associated with poor outcome in childhood tuberculous meningitis.
| N | Total (n) | Poor group (n) | Good group (n) | P value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 149 | 22 | 127 | |||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 7.8 ± 5.3 | 6.9 ± 5.5 | 8.0 ± 5.2 | 0.357 | |
| Sex (male) | 82 (55.0%) | 11 (50.0%) | 71 (55.9%) | 0.608 | |
| Vital signs | |||||
| Temperature (°C) | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 0.601 | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 99.2 ± 21.5 | 103.6 ± 29.7 | 98.5 ± 19.9 | 0.787 | |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 22.6 ± 3.0 | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 22.5 ± 2.9 | 0.818 | |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 106.9 ± 16.1 | 114.4 ± 15.1 | 105.4 ± 15.9 | 0.031 | 1.025 (1.002, 1.048) |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 68.9 ± 11.5 | 73.3 ± 12.8 | 68.0 ± 11.2 | 0.078 | |
| Medical history | |||||
| Contact history of TB | 32 (21.5%) | 6 (27.3%) | 26 (20.5%) | 0.475 | |
| Transferred from a teaching hospital | 128 (85.9%) | 18 (81.8%) | 110 (86.6%) | 0.552 | |
| Frequency of hospitalization | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 0.030 | 0.437 (0.207, 0.924) |
| Treatment delay (days) | 40 ± 61 | 43 ± 43 | 40 ± 64 | 0.807 | |
| Self-treatment | 20 (13.4%) | 6 (27.3%) | 14 (11.0%) | 0.046 | 3.027 (1.017, 9.005) |
| Out-patient history | 87 (58.4%) | 13 (59.1%) | 74 (58.3%) | 0.942 | |
| Inpatient history | 143 (96.0%) | 21 (95.5%) | 122 (96.1%) | 0.893 | |
| Antibiotics therapy | 114 (76.5%) | 19 (86.4%) | 95 (74.8%) | 0.247 | |
| Anti-TB therapy | 31 (20.8%) | 3 (13.6%) | 28 (22.0%) | 0.375 | |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Cough | 30 (20.1%) | 3 (13.6%) | 27 (21.3%) | 0.415 | |
| Fever | 132 (88.6%) | 19 (86.4%) | 113 (89.0%) | 0.722 | |
| Vomitting | 72 (48.3%) | 13 (59.1%) | 59 (46.5%) | 0.277 | |
| Headache | 77 (51.7%) | 9 (40.9%) | 68 (53.5%) | 0.277 | |
| Coma | 22 (14.8%) | 8 (36.4%) | 14 (11.0%) | 0.004 | 4.612(1.645, 12.932) |
| Drowsiness | 14 (9.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | 13 (10.2%) | 0.412 | |
| Convulsion | 25 (16.8%) | 5 (22.7%) | 20 (15.7%) | 0.422 | |
| Dizziness | 5 (3.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0.739 | |
| Symptoms related to cranial nerve involvement* | 16 (10.7%) | 4 (18.2%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.270 | |
| Cerebrospinal fluid analysis | |||||
| White blood cell (106/L) | 156.2 ± 283.5 | 71.8 ± 109.4 | 170.9 ± 301.8 | 0.114 | |
| Mononuclear cell (%) | 76 ± 25 | 76 ± 24 | 76 ± 25 | 0.649 | |
| Polyonuclear cell (%) | 25 ± 25 | 25 ± 24 | 24 ± 25 | 0.947 | |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 4.56 ± 1.99 | 5.28 ± 2.00 | 4.42 ± 1.97 | 0.235 | |
| Total protein (g/L) | 984 ± 758 | 1412 ± 1110 | 917 ± 670 | 0.019 | 1.001 (1.000, 1.001) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 15 ± 11 | 20 ± 14 | 14 ± 10 | 0.061 | |
| Total bilirubin (mmol/L) | 1.01 ± 2.57 | 1.21 ± 1.37 | 0.98 ± 2.71 | 0.739 | |
| Adenosine deaminase (U/L) | 5.5 ± 10.8 | 4.2 ± 4.4 | 5.7 ± 11.5 | 0.617 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 69 ± 103 | 107 ± 113 | 63 ± 101 | 0.135 | |
| α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 45 ± 55 | 72 ± 77 | 40 ± 50 | 0.047 | 1.007 (1.000, 1.014) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.15 ± 0.44 | 0.22 ± 0.46 | 0.14 ± 0.44 | 0.505 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 2.01 ± 1.06 | 1.79 ± 0.78 | 2.05 ± 1.10 | 0.329 | |
| IgA (mg/L) | 18.38 ± 13.51 | 18.91 ± 17.26 | 18.16 ± 12.23 | 0.042 | 1.043 (1.001, 1.085) |
| IgG (mg/L) | 80.63 ± 31.52 | 80.24 ± 35.38 | 80.79 ± 30.83 | 0.966 | |
| IgM (mg/L) | 4.28 ± 1.19 | 4.18 ± 1.29 | 4.32 ± 1.17 | 0.773 | |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 113.3 ± 7.2 | 108.8 ± 5.5 | 114.0 ± 7.2 | 0.231 | |
| Microbiological assays** (+) | 30 (20.1%) | 5 (22.7%) | 25 (19.7%) | 0.835 | |
TB, tuberculosis, OR, odds ratio, CI confidence interval. *Symptoms related to cranial nerve involvement include motor abnormalitie, speech difficulties, swallowing difficulties, and visual loss. **Microbiological assays include CSF AFB smear, CSF PCR, CSF Xpert, and CSF culture (“ + ” means at least 1 assay (+)).