Table 2.
Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids associations with recent, persistent normoalbuminuria in subjects with a long duration of T1D and normal renal function.
| Metabolite | Chemical formula | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | Nominal p | Bonferroni p | OR (95% CI) | Nominal p | ||
| Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) | ||||||
| Glutarate | C5H8O4 | 0.28 (0.20, 0.40) | 8.4E−13 | 3.0E−10 | 0.33 (0.21, 0.52) | 1.8E−6 |
| 2-hydroxyglutarate | C5H8O5 | 0.25 (0.18, 0.36) | 6.5E−14 | 2.3E−11 | 0.29 (0.18, 0.46) | 1.8E−7 |
| 4-hydroxycarboxylate | C4H8O3 | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) | 3.1E−8 | 1.1E−5 | 0.50 (0.34, 0.73) | 3.3E−4 |
| Medium Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) | ||||||
| Dicarboxylate | ||||||
| Odd-numbered | ||||||
| Nonanedioate | C9H16O4 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.31) | 1.3E−14 | 4.5E−12 | 0.23 (0.13, 0.39) | 6.4E−8 |
| Undecanedioate | C11H20O4 | 0.19 (0.13, 0.30) | 1.9E−14 | 6.5E−12 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.33) | 1.5E−8 |
| Even-numbered | ||||||
| Hexanedioate | C6H10O4 | 0.33 (0.24, 0.46) | 8.8E−12 | 3.1E−9 | 0.36 (0.23, 0.57) | 1.2E−5 |
| Octanedioate | C8H14O4 | 0.18 (0.12, 0.28) | 4.1E−15 | 1.5E−12 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.32) | 9.0E−9 |
| Decanedioate | C10H18O4 | 0.16 (0.10, 0.25) | 4.2E−15 | 1.5E−12 | 0.15 (0.08, 0.29) | 1.1E−8 |
| Dodecanedioate | C12H22O4 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.32) | 1.8E−14 | 6.2E−12 | 0.23 (0.14, 0.39) | 3.8E−8 |
| Monocarboxylate | ||||||
| Odd-numbered | ||||||
| Heptanoate | C7H14O2 | 0.32 (0.23, 0.44) | 2.1E−11 | 7.3E−9 | 0.30 (0.19, 0.47) | 1.4E−7 |
| Nonanoate | C9H18O2 | 0.14 (0.09, 0.23) | 7.0E−16 | 2.5E−13 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.27) | 2.7E−9 |
| Undecanoate | C11H22O2 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.30) | 5.0E−15 | 1.7E−12 | 0.23 (0.13, 0.39) | 6.6E−8 |
| Even-numbered | ||||||
| Octanoate | C8H16O2 | 0.48 (0.37, 0.64) | 6.3E−7 | 2.2E−4 | 0.56 (0.38, 0.82) | 3.0E−3 |
Logistic regression analyses are adjusted for clinical covariates. Model 1 is corrected for age, gender, HbA1c, and eGFR. Model 2 is additionally corrected for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, HDL, ACE inhibitor/ARB use, other antihypertensive treatment, and statin use. Effect sizes are shown per one quartile change. Protective Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids are ordered by structural features and subsequently by the number of carbons. OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals. For more comprehensive logistic analyses of all Fatty Acids, please refer to Supplementary Table S1.