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. 2021 Apr 22;5(2):217–230. doi: 10.1007/s41748-021-00217-6

Table 2.

Renewable energy resources

Energy resource Main basis Global production in 2018 (ktoe)a
Solar radiation (beam and scattered) Solar energy (direct) 90,048 (includes other solar derived resources, except where listed separately)
Hydraulic Solar energy (indirect) 362,332
Wind Solar energy (indirect) 196,329
Wave Solar energy (indirect) Very small, but included under solar radiation where measured
Ocean current Solar energy (indirect) Very small, but included under solar radiation where measured
Ocean thermal Solar energy (indirect) Very small, but included under solar radiation where measured
Biomass (utilized slower than it is regenerated) Solar energy (indirect) 1,324,214 (biofuels and waste)
Geothermal (ground source) Solar energy (indirect) Included in geothermal (high temperature)
Geothermal (high temperature) Heat generated deep within the earth 2062
Tidal Gravitational forces between earth and moon Very small

aData source: IEA (2020, 2021)