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. 2021 Apr 21;11:8666. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87939-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunomodulatory capacity of EVs in vitro and in vivo. (A) Gene expression of in vitro plated thioglycolate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages treated with or without EVs. NT no treatment. (B) Gene expression of in vitro plated thioglycolate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages treated with miR-10b mimic or miR scrambled control. (C) Schematic overview of the acute peritonitis mouse model. Mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of zymosan (day 0) and then intravenous (i.v.) delivery of placebo (P) or EVs (E) (days 0 and 1). Animals were sacrificed on day 2 and peritoneal exudate collected for flow cytometry. Figure was generated using Microsoft PowerPoint (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/powerpoint). (D) Representative flow plots of peritoneal cells collected on day 2. (E) Quantification of CD11b + F4/80 + cells in (C). Results are depicted as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05.