Table 1.
Original studies on suicidality in patients who underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS).
| References | Disease and sample size, N | Study design | Completed suicide, N (%) | SA N (%) | SI N (%) | Assessments methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STN DBS | ||||||
| Doshi et al. (2002) | PD 3 | Case series | 0 | 1 (33.3%) | N/A | UPDRS, clinical evaluation |
| Berney et al. (2002) | PD 24 | Prospective (6-months follow-up) | 0 | 0 | 3 (12.5%) | CAPSIT-PD, UPDRS HDRS, MADRS |
| Houeto et al. (2002) | PD 24 | Retrospective | 1 (4.6%) | 0 | 4 (16.6%) | UPDRS, M.I.N.I., IOWA, SAS |
| Krack et al. (2003) | PD 49 | Prospective (5-year follow-up) | 1 (2%) | 3 (6.1%) | N/A | UPDRS, Mattis DRS, Frontal-lobe function |
| Funkiewiez et al. (2004) | PD 77 | Prospective (3-year follow-up) | 1 (1.5%) | 4 (5.7%) | N/A | Clinical records review, UPDRS, BDI, Mattis DRS, other neuropsychological scales |
| Smeding et al. (2006) | PD 99 cases, 39 controls | Case-control | 0 cases 0 controls | 1 (1%) cases 0 controls | N/A | Neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological battery |
| Balash et al. (2007) | PD 2 | Case series | 0 | 0 | 2 (100%) | Clinical evaluation |
| Soulas et al. (2008) | PD 200 | Retrospective (9-year follow-up) | 2 (1%) | 4 (2%) | N/A | Clinical records review |
| Voon et al. (2008) | PD 5311 | Retrospective 75 Worldwide centers survey | 24 (0.45%) | 48 (0.9%) | N/A | Neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological batteries |
| Porat et al. (2009) | PD 22 | Prospective (1-year follow-up) | 1 (4.5%) | 1 (4.5%) | 7 (31.8%) | Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, BPRS, BDI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Dopamine Deregulation, Work/Social Adjustment Scale |
| Rodrigues et al. (2010) | PD 3 | Cases series | 0 | 3 (100%) | N/A | UPDRS, LEDD, BDI |
| Soulas et al. (2011) | PD 41 | Prospective (1-year follow-up) | 1 (2.4%) | 0 | N/A | UPDRS, BDI, STAI, QoL |
| Umemura et al. (2011) | PD 180 | Retrospective (7-year follow-up) | 0 | 2 (1.1%) | N/A | UPDRS, clinical files review |
| Lhommée et al. (2012) | PD 63 | Prospective | N/A | 2 (3%) | N/A | M.I.N.I., Ardouin Scale |
| Børretzen et al. (2014) | ET 46 | Prospective | 1 (2%) | 0 | N/A | Ad hoc questionnaires |
| Giannini et al. (2019) | PD 534 | Retrospective Case-control (9-year follow-up) | 4 (0.75%) | 22 (4.11%) | N/A | Clinical files review UPDRS part III, LEDD, Mattis DRS, Frontal Score, BDI |
| STN and GPi DBS | ||||||
| Burkhard et al. (2004) | EMD 140 | Retrospective (9-year follow-up) | 6 (4.3%) | 0 | N/A | Clinical records review |
| Bernal-Pacheco et al. (2013) | PD 113 | Retrospective (8-year follow-up) | 0 | 0% | 10 (11.5%) | BDI, behavioral features |
| Rocha et al. (2014) | PD 184 | Prospective (50-month mean follow-up) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 | 0 | UPDRS parts I-II, BDI, GDI |
| Boel et al. (2016) | PD 128 | Prospective multicenter (3-year follow-up) | 0 | 0 | Low | M.I.N.I., MDRS, YMRS, HADS, NESDA |
| Buhmann et al. (2017) | EMD 123* | Retrospective (3.5-year follow-up) | 1 (0.8%) | N/A | N/A | UPDRS, review of clinical files |
| GPi DBS | ||||||
| Foncke et al. (2006) | DT 16 | Retrospective (5-year follow-up) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 | N/A | Dystonia scales, clinical files review |
| STN-GPi DBS vs. BMT and STN vs. GPi DBS | ||||||
| Weintraub et al. (2013) | PD Phase I: 121 STN-GPi DBS, 134 BMT; Phase II: 147 STN DBS 152 GPi DBS | Randomized trial (6-month follow-up) | 0% | 0% | Phase I: 1.9 STN-GPi DBS, 0, 9% BMT; Phase II: 1.5% in STN DBS vs. 0.7% in GPi DBS | UPDRS part I |
| STN DBS vs. BMT | ||||||
| Witt et al. (2008) | PD 78 DBS 78 BMT | Randomized multicenter | 1 (1.3%) DBS 0 BMT | N/A | N/A | BDI, MADRS |
| Strutt et al. (2012) | PD 17 DBS, 22 BMT | Prospective | 1 (5%) DBS 0 (BMT) | 0 DBS 0 (BMT) | N/A | BDI, STAI |
| Deuschl et al. (2013) | PD 124 DBS, 127 BMT | Randomized trial (2 -year follow-up) | 2 (1.6%) DBS 0 BMT | 2 (1.6%) DBS 0 BMT | 1 (0.8%) DBS 0 BMT | Neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological battery |
| Lhommée et al. (2018) | PD 124 DBS, 127 BMT | Case-control (2-year follow-up) | 2 (1.6%) DBS 1 (0.8%; BMT) | 4 (3%) DBS 5 (4%) BMT | 4 (3%) DBS 5 (4%) BMT | Ardouin Scale, BDI, Starkstein Apathy Scale |
BDI, beck depression inventory; BMT, best medical treatment; BPRS, brief psychiatric rating scale; CAPSIT-PD, core assessment program for surgical interventional therapy for PD; DBS, deep brain stimulation; DT, dystonia; EMD, extrapyramidal movement disorder; ET, essential tremors; GPi, globus pallidus internus; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; HDRS, hamilton depression rating scale; IOWA, iowa rating scale of personality changes; LEDD, L-dopa equivalent dose; MADRS, montgomery asberg depression rating scale; Mattis DRS, mattis dementia rating scale; M.I.N.I., mini international neuropsychiatric inventory; N/A, unavailable; NESDA, Netherlands study on depression and anxiety interview; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SA, suicidal attempt, SAS, social adjustment scale; SI, suicidal ideation; STN, subthalamic nucleus; UPDRS, unified pd rating scale; YMRS, young mania rating scale.