TABLE 1.
Physico-chemical conditions at the Pisciarelli site.
| Solid | Water | Fumarole | ||
| Temperature (°C) | 94.3 | 83–963 | 116 | |
| pH | 4.8 | 1.4–4.93 | n.d. | |
| TDS | 2060–91003 | |||
| Minerals1 | – | Alunite, sanidine, pyrite, sulfur, hydroBiotite/illite, amorphous | Illite/montmorillonite, ammonium K sulfate | – |
| Main sulfur state | SO42– | SO42–, S0, sulfides (mostly S–1) | SO42– | H2S |
| H2S flux | 0.091 tons/day2 | – | – | 0.849 tons/day2,3 |
| SO2 flux | n.d. | – | – | 0.0014 tons/day2 |
| CO2 flux | 48.3 tons/day2 | – | – | 231–300 tons/day2,3 |
| H2 flux | 0.0033 tons/day2 | – | – | 0.0227 tons/day2 |
| H2O content | – | – | – | 809,000–870,000 μmol/mol4 |
| CO2 content | – | – | – | 115,000–188,000 μmol/mol4 |
| H2S content | – | – | – | 517–696 μmol/mol4 |
| H2 content | – | – | – | 137–294 μmol/mol4 |
| CH4 content | – | – | – | 9.1–19 μmol/mol4 |
| Al (as Al2O3 in solid) | – | 10–11.85 wt%5 | 19–66 mg/L6 | – |
| Na (as Na2O in solid) | – | 0.24–0.42 wt%5 | 7.7–122 mg/L6 | – |
| Fe (as Fe2O3 in solid) | 2.3–3.1 wt%5 | 34–161 mg/L6 | ||
| Cl | – | n.a. | 6–83 mg/L6 | – |
| NH4+ | – | n.a. | 501–1026 mg/L6 | – |
| HCO32– | – | – | n.d. | – |
| SO42– (as S in solid) | – | 10.62–31.12 wt%5 | 1319–7043 mg/L6 | – |
| F | – | n.a. | 0.1–30 mg/L6 | n.d. |
| C | – | 0.14–0.21 wt%5 | – | – |
| As | – | 9.5–12.9 ppm5 | 39–1880 μg/L6 | – |
| Cd | – | <0.1 ppm5 | n.a. | – |
| Cu | – | 7.9–10.6 ppm5 | n.a. | – |
| Co | – | 3.4–5.7 ppm5 | n.a. | – |
| Ni | – | 2.6–3.1 ppm5 | n.a. | – |
| Hg | – | 24.98–41.95 ppm5 | 40–232 μg/L6 | – |
| Pb | – | 14.8–20.1 ppm5 | 5.7–29.1 mg/L6 |
1Detected by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive microanalytical system-equipped electron microscope (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano labs in Naples, Italy) on mud (solid) and dried water separated from investigated sample. 2Average flux values in 2013 by Aiuppa et al. (2013). 3Flux values in 2018 by Tamburello et al. (2019). 4From Caliro et al. (2007). 5From Piochi et al. (2019). 6From Valentino et al. (1999) and Valentino and Stanzione (2004). n.d., not detected; n.a., not analysed. Values for element are content in terrain/mud matrices and content dissolved in waters.