FIGURE 2.

Phosphorylation can suppress or promote condensate assembly. The red P indicates the phosphorylated form of the corresponding protein. Arrows indicate whether phosphorylation drives a dispersed or condensed state; kinase names are above each arrow. (A) Phosphorylation has varying effects on phase separation in in vitro studies. (B) Phosphorylation negatively and positively regulates RNP condensates in the germ line. The effects of phosphorylation are shown for proteins in six distinct germ line RNP granules in three model systems. Note: phosphorylation of the C. elegans P granule protein PGL-1 during heat stress conditions promotes condensates in somatic cells, outside of the germline.