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. 2021 Apr 8;9:648639. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648639

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

High fiber (HF) diet ameliorates acute kidney injury (AKI) and inflammation in folic acid nephropathy (FAN) at day 2. Folic acid (FA) injection induced AKI in normal chow (NC) fed mice, with peak serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at day 2. High fiber (HF) fed mice were protected from FA induced AKI with lower serum creatinine (A), BUN (B) and tubular injury scores (D) compared to NC. (C) Representative sections from HF and NC fed FAN and NC fed non-FAN mice at day 2 (PAS stained, ×400 magnification). Representative sections of kidney from mice at day 2 demonstrating increased Ly6B.2+ neutrophil (E) and CD68+ macrophage (G) infiltration in NC fed FAN mice compared to controls, which was attenuated by HF feeding (F,H). (I) mRNA expression of innate immune receptors (TLR2), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6 and TNFα), chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL2), inflammasome components (NLRP3 and ASC), and markers of renal proximal tubular injury (KIM1) were significantly reduced in HF fed mice compared with NC fed FAN controls, as measured by real-time PCR in kidney tissue. NC, vehicle (n = 6); HF, vehicle (n = 6); NC, FAN (n = 11); HF, FAN (n = 7). Photomicrographs at 400×, scale bar 50 μm. Data are shown as means ± SD or mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.