Table 2.
Update on treatment.
| Method | Key points | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | CPAP treatment was controversial regarding cardiovascular effects | Attenuate atherosclerosis | (79–82) |
| Lack of clinical benefit in cardiovascular events | (83–85) | ||
| Telemonitoring increased the CPAP adherence. | (87–91) | ||
| Mandibular advancement devices (MAD) | MAD treatment was controversial regarding cardiovascular effects. | Beneficial outcome in cardiovascular consequences | (80, 93) |
| No effect on blood pressure and endothelial function | (94, 95) | ||
| MAD may be an alternative compared to CPAP treatment | (80, 95, 96) | ||
| Exercise | Reduction of AHI, the increase of peak oxygen consumption | (98–102) | |
| Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) | Beneficial for subjective and objective outcomes of sleep | (103–106) | |
| Medications | Antioxidant | (108–110) | |
| Phenotype-based approach | (111–115) | ||