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. 2021 Feb 22;43:e2021016. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2021016

Table 2.

Summary of measured phenotypes in the Ewha Birth and Growth Study

Phenotype At birth Follow-up examinations
6 mo1 12 mo1 18 mo1 24 mo1 3 yr 5 yr 7 yr 8 yr 9 yr 10 yr 11 yr 12 yr 13-15 yr
Questionnaires
  Demographics O2 O2 O2 O2 O O O O O O O O O
Breastfeeding O2 O2 O2 O2 O O O O O - - - -
Physical activity O2 O2 O2 O2 O O O O O - O O O
Parental disease history (HTN, DM, stroke, etc.) - - - - O O O O O - O O O
Secondhand smoking O2 O2 O2 O2 O O O O O O O O O
K-CBCL - - - - - O O - O - O2 O -
Conners Hyperactivity Rating Scale - - - - - O O - O - O O -
ADHD - - - - - O O - O - O O -
CDI, STAI, and TAIC - - - - - - - - O2 - O2 O2 -
Pubertal status (Tanner stage) - - - - - - O O O O O O O
Nutrition survey
Diet (24-hr recall) - - - - O O2 O - - - - - -
Diet (FFQ) - - - - - O2 O O O O O O O
Eating behaviors - - - - O - O O O O O O O
Physical examination
Anthropometric O2 O2 O2 O2 O O O O O O O O O
Blood pressure - - - - O O O O O O O O O
Hand-grip strength - - - - - - O O O - - - -
Bone mineral density - - - - - O2 - O2 O2 - - - -
Body composition (muscle, % body fat, etc.) - - - - O2 O O2 O O - - - -
Bone age - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Carotid intima-media thickness - - - - - - - - - - - - O
Blood
Chemistries - - - - O O O O O O O O O
Liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase) - - - - - - - - - O O O O
Persistent organic pollutants - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) - - - - O O O O O O O O O
Glucose - - - - O O O O O O O O O
Insulin - - - - O2 O O O O O2 O2 - O
Uric acid - - - - O2 O O O O O O O O
Endothelial dysfunction (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) - - - - - - - - - - - - O
Inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6) - - - - O2 O O O O - - - O
Sex hormones (luteinizing hormone, DHEA, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol) - - - - - - O O2 O2 - - - -
Thyroid-stimulating hormone - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 O O O O
Free thyroxine (fT4) - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 -
25-Hydroxyvitamin D - - - - - - O O O - - - -
Oxidative stress
8-OHdG - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - - - -
MDA - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - - - -
Vitamins
Vitamin C - - - - O2 - - - - - - - -
Retinol - - - - O2 - - - - - - - -
Tocopherol - - - - O2 - - - - - - - -
Carotene - - - - O2 - - - - - - - -
Methylation
Proopiomelanocortin - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Melanocortin 4 receptor - - - - - - O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Urine
Cotinine - - - - O2 O O - - - - - -
Bisphenol A - - - - O O O O2 O - - - -
Phthalate metabolites - - - - O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 - - - -
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms Glutathione S-transferase T1
Glutathione S-transferase M1
Angiotensin-converting enzyme rs4341
Paraoxonase 1 rs662
Myeloperoxidase rs2333227
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma rs1801282
Fat mass and obesity‐associated rs9939609
Solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter member 9 rs16890979
Solute carrier family 22 member 12 rs3825017

HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; K-CBCL, Korean-Childhood Behavioral Checklist; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; TAIC, Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL, Interleukin; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; MDA, malondialdehyde, 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine.

1

Follow-up examinations were conducted by mail.

2

Only a portion of the subjects was measured.