Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Sample by Risk Category.
| Characteristic | Familial depression risk category, No. (%)a,b | P valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1−/G2− | G1+/G2− | G1−/G2+ | G1+/G2+ | ||
| Total | 6550 (58.2) | 1480 (12.2) | 1199 (11.3) | 1971 (18.2) | NA |
| Female | 3181 (49.4) | 655 (46.1) | 570 (48.1) | 949 (49.2) | .03 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | |||||
| Child age | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (0.6) | .41 |
| Parent age | 40.1 (6.9) | 40.2 (6.1) | 39.4 (6.7) | 39.0 (6.7) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicityd | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3030 (45.0) | 962 (65.8) | 618 (53.2) | 1223 (65.6) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1181 (16.0) | 91 (5.8) | 208 (15.0) | 195 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1484 (26.9) | 258 (20.9) | 235 (23.2) | 299 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Other | 848 (12.1) | 167 (7.5) | 134 (8.6) | 252 (8.6) | .50 |
| Parent’s marital status | |||||
| Married | 4474 (63.0) | 1197 (75.6) | 694 (51.6) | 1249 (55.9) | <.001 |
| Never married | 859 (15.5) | 82 (6.0) | 175 (16.8) | 232 (13.8) | <.001 |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 755 (15.2) | 144 (13.4) | 249 (26.1) | 346 (23.2) | .002 |
| Living with partner | 394 (6.3) | 56 (4.0) | 73 (5.5) | 126 (7.0) | .002 |
| Education and income, mean (SD) | |||||
| Parental education levele | 17.0 (2.8) | 17.8 (2.1) | 16.9 (2.6) | 17.2 (2.3) | <.001 |
| Combined household incomef | 7.2 (2.5) | 8.0 (1.8) | 6.8 (2.5) | 7.1 (2.4) | <.001 |
| SESg | |||||
| Low | 2123 (40.3) | 301 (28.0) | 460 (46.3) | 677 (42.8) | <.001 |
| Medium | 3161 (44.2) | 847 (54.4) | 541 (41.4) | 987 (44.6) | <.001 |
| High | 1204 (15.6) | 331 (17.6) | 192 (12.3) | 300 (12.6) | <.001 |
| Informant’s relationship to child | |||||
| Biological mother | 5509 (83.8) | 1320 (89.4) | 1024 (84.8) | 1756 (89.7) | <.001 |
| Biological father | 722 (10.9) | 138 (8.8) | 123 (10.9) | 140 (6.3) | <.001 |
| Adoptive/custodial/other parent | 317 (5.3) | 22 (1.8) | 52 (4.3) | 75 (4.0) | <.001 |
| Born outside the US | |||||
| Child | 268 (5.3) | 34 (2.8) | 20 (2.3) | 15 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Parent/grandparent | 2367 (38.1) | 421 (28.1) | 335 (30.0) | 487 (22.8) | <.001 |
| Sexual orientation | |||||
| Parent report | |||||
| Yes | 4 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Maybe | 352 (4.9) | 123 (7.6) | 112 (8.1) | 258 (12.9) | <.001 |
| Child report | |||||
| Yes | 16 (0.2) | 1 (0) | 2 (0.3) | 19 (1.0) | .001 |
| Maybe | 51 (0.9) | 18 (1.2) | 12 (1.2) | 23 (1.1) | .61 |
| Religious preference | |||||
| Denominational | 4650 (76.2) | 1043 (74.7) | 809 (71.7) | 131 (72.1) | <.001 |
| Nondenominational | 1362 (21.1) | 317 (20.5) | 254 (23.0) | 452 (22.4) | .30 |
| Agnostic/atheist | 208 (2.7) | 81 (4.8) | 69 (5.3) | 108 (5.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: G1, generation 1 (grandparents); G2, generation 2 (parents); NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.
Children were grouped into 4 risk categories, reflecting how many prior generations were affected with depression: (1) neither G1 nor G2 (G1−/G2−), (2) only G1 (G1+/G2−), (3) only G2 (G1−/G2+), and (4) both G1 and G2 (G1+/G2+).
Values presented are unweighted counts and weighted percentages within each depression risk categories.
Differences in prevalence among risk categories were calculated using χ2 tests for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, with Bonferroni adjustments used for multiple comparisons.
We selected the 3 largest racial/ethnic groups in the US: non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic. We collapsed other groups into other race/ethnicity because of low individual numbers.
Created using the highest grade or degree completed, using the following values: 0, never attended school/kindergarten only; 1, 1st grade; 2, 2nd grade; 3, 3rd grade; 4, 4th grade; 5, 5th grade; 6, 6th grade; 7, 7th grade; 8, 8th grade; 9, 9th grade; 10, 10th grade; 11, 11th grade; 12, 12th grade, no diploma; 13, high school graduate; 14, GED or equivalent diploma; 15, college credit/postsecondary education, no degree; 16, associate’s degree: occupational, technical, or vocational degree; 17, associate’s degree: academic program; 18, bachelor’s degree; 19, master’s degree; 20, professional school degree (eg, MD, DDS, DVN, JD); 21, doctoral degree (eg, PhD, EdD).
Created using combined household income in the past 12 months before taxes, using the following values: 1, <$5000; 2, $5000-$11 999; 3, $12 000-$15 999; 4, $16 000-$24 999; 5, $25 000-$34 999; 6, $35 000-$49 999; 7, $50 000-$74 999; 8, $75 000-$99 999; 9, $100 000-$199 999; 10, ≥$200 000.
For SES threshold definitions, see the eMethods in the Supplement.