Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and regional characteristics of the population and of those with and without an ACP visit
| Total | ACP | No ACP | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (row%) | N (row%) | N (row%) | ||
| N=1323331 (100) | N=32137 (2.4) | N=1291194 (97.6) | ||
| Patient Level | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | T test p value |
| Age | 76.1 (7.7) | 78.4 (8.1) | 76.04 (7.7) | <.0001 |
| Sex | N (col%) | N (col%) | N (col%) | Chi-square p value |
| Male | 602695 (45.5) | 13077 (40.7) | 589618 (45.7) | <.0001 |
| Female | 720636 (54.5) | 19060 (59.3) | 701576 (54.3) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1078540 (81.5) | 25946 (80.7) | 1052594 (81.5) | <.0001 |
| Black | 97517 (7.4) | 2542 (7.9) | 94975 (7.4) | |
| Hispanics | 69602 (5.3) | 1813 (5.6) | 67789 (5.3) | |
| Others | 56818 (4.3) | 1537 (4.8) | 55281 (4.3) | |
| Unknown | 20854 (1.6) | 299 (0.9) | 20555 (1.6) | |
| Dual Eligibility | 155091 (11.7) | 5339 (16.6) | 149752 (11.6) | <.0001 |
| Original Medicare Eligible Reason | ||||
| old age | 1207753 (91.3) | 28949 (90.1) | 1178804 (91.3) | <.0001 |
| disability | 113342 (8.6) | 3101 (9.7) | 110241 (8.5) | |
| ESRD | 1286 (0.1) | 50 (0.2) | 1236 (0.1) | |
| both disability and ESRD | 950 (0.1) | 37 (0.1) | 913 (0.1) | |
| Medical Care Utilization in 2016 | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | T test p value |
| # Hospitalization | 0.22 (0.7) | 0.39 (1) | 0.21 (0.7) | <.0001 |
| # ED visits | 0.34 (1) | 0.51 (1.2) | 0.33 (1) | <.0001 |
| # ICU visits | 0.06 (0.3) | 0.11 (0.4) | 0.05 (0.3) | <.0001 |
| # HHA episode | 0.15 (0.7) | 0.34 (1) | 0.15 (0.7) | <.0001 |
| # SNF stays | 0.05 (0.3) | 0.11 (0.5) | 0.05 (0.3) | <.0001 |
| # Home-away days | 1.54 (15.3) | 3.09 (13.2) | 1.51 (15.3) | <.0001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Scores | N (col%) | N (col%) | N (col%) | Chi-square p value |
| 0 | 738947 (55.8) | 12149 (37.8) | 726798 (56.3) | <.0001 |
| 1 | 205813 (15.6) | 5621 (17.5) | 200192 (15.5) | |
| 2+ | 378571 (28.6) | 14367 (44.7) | 364204 (28.2) | |
| Comorbid conditions in 2016 | ||||
| Acute MI (w/ or w/o history of MI) | 12243 (1) | 503 (1.6) | 11740 (0.9) | <.0001 |
| History of MI (no Acute MI in 2016) | 22136 (1.7) | 929 (2.9) | 21207 (1.6) | <.0001 |
| CHF | 92797 (7.0) | 4245 (13.2) | 88552 (6.9) | <.0001 |
| PVD | 109231 (8.3) | 4636 (14.4) | 104595 (8.1) | <.0001 |
| CVD | 66671 (5.0) | 2763 (8.6) | 63908 (5) | <.0001 |
| COPD | 137676 (10.4) | 5500 (17.1) | 132176 (10.2) | <.0001 |
| Dementia | 59253 (4.5) | 2731 (8.5) | 56522 (4.4) | <.0001 |
| Paralysis | 7935 (0.6) | 355 (1.1) | 7580 (0.6) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | 138793 (10.5) | 3983 (12.4) | 134810 (10.4) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes w/ complications | 130621 (9.9) | 5274 (16.4) | 125347 (9.7) | <.0001 |
| renal disease | 116441 (8.8) | 5037 (15.7) | 111404 (8.6) | <.0001 |
| mild liver disease | 15591 (1.2) | 585 (1.8) | 15006 (1.2) | <.0001 |
| moderate/severe liver disease | 2311 (0.2) | 128 (0.4) | 2183 (0.2) | <.0001 |
| ulcers | 7480 (0.6) | 293 (0.9) | 7187 (0.6) | <.0001 |
| rheumatic disease | 43288 (3.3) | 1465(4.6) | 41823 (3.2) | <.0001 |
| aids | 955 (0.1) | 26 (0.1) | 929 (0.1) | 0.5549 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 11848 (0.9) | 584 (1.8) | 11264 (0.9) | <.0001 |
| Other cancer | 90042 (6.8) | 3170 (9.9) | 86872 (6.7) | <.0001 |
| Regional Level | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | T test p value |
| # Hospital beds per 1000 65+ Medicare beneficiaries | 15.8 (4.2) | 15.86 (4.3) | 15.85 (4.2) | <.0001 |
| # Emergency Department visits per 1000 65+ Medicare beneficiaries | 589.7 (64.5) | 585.5 (62.6) | 589.8 (64.5) | <.0001 |
| % beneficiaries using hospice | 2.48 (1.5) | 2.45 (1.5) | 2.48 (1.5) | <.0001 |
| Standardized Per Capita Costs | 9553.5 (1158.8) |
9719.9 (1170.9) |
9549.3 (1158.1) | <.0001 |
| # Hospital beds per 1000 65+ Medicare beneficiaries | N (col%) | N (col%) | N (col%) | Chi-square p value |
| 1st quintile (≤11.9) | 223318 (16.9) | 5600 (17.4) | 217718 (16.9) | <.0001 |
| 2nd quintile (11.91-14.3) | 313197 (23.7) | 7820 (24.3) | 305377 (23.7) | |
| 3rd quintile (14.31-16.2) | 258217 (19.5) | 6140 (19.1) | 252077 (19.5) | |
| 4th quintile (16.21-19.5) | 306093 (23.1) | 7061 (22) | 299032 (23.2) | |
| 5th quintile (>19.5) | 222506 (16.8) | 5516 (17.2) | 216990 (16.8) | |
| # Emergency Department visits per 1000 65+ Medicare beneficiaries | ||||
| 1st quintile (≤533) | 303613 (22.9) | 7774 (24.2) | 295839 (22.9) | <.0001 |
| 2nd quintile (534-578) | 287426 (21.7) | 7271 (22.6) | 290155 (21.7) | |
| 3rd quintile (579-620) | 314874 (23.8) | 7789 (24.2) | 307085 (23.8) | |
| 4th quintile (621-655) | 232302 (17.6) | 5742 (17.9) | 226560 (17.6) | |
| 5th quintile (>655) | 185116 (14) | 3561 (11.1) | 181555 (14.1) | |
| % beneficiaries using hospice | ||||
| 1st quintile (≤0.0385) | 291819 (22.1) | 7386 (23) | 284433 (22.0) | <.0001 |
| 2nd quintile (0.0386-2.81999) | 244764 (18.5) | 5800 (18.15) | 238964 (18.5) | |
| 3rd quintile (2.82-3.25) | 318635 (24.1) | 8290 (25.8) | 310345 (24.0) | |
| 4th quintile (3.26-3.74) | 267588 (20.2) | 6216 (19.3) | 261372 (20.2) | |
| 5th quintile (>3.74) | 200525 (15.2) | 4445 (13.8) | 196080 (15.2) | |
| Standardized Per Capita Costs | ||||
| 1st quintile (≤$8319.23) | 199767 (15.1) | 3811 (11.9) | 195956 (15.2) | <.0001 |
| 2nd quintile ($8319.24-$9102.01) | 246970 (18.7) | 5365 (16.7) | 241605 (18.7) | |
| 3rd quintile ($9102.02-$9768.95) | 283258 (21.4) | 6760 (21.0) | 276498 (21.4) | |
| 4th quintile ($9768.96-$10464.18) | 306669 (23.2) | 7342 (22.9) | 299327 (23.2) | |
| 5th quintile (>$10464.18) | 286667 (21.7) | 8859 (27.6) | 277808 (21.5) |