Table 2.

Description of behaviors recorded from calves housed in receiving pens

Behavior	Definition
Herd behavior
Lying	Calf is recumbent, not supported by legs
Feeding	Calf has head in feed bunk
Standing	Calf is upright and supported off ground by legs
Walking	Movement of calf’s legs, resulting in a change in space
Social behavior
Allogroom	Licking movements by one calf carried out on the body of another. Characterized by repetitive back-and-forth head movements performed by the actor in direct contact with the reactor. Once the actor stops grooming the reactor for more than 10 s, the bout is finished
Bunk displacement	Butt or push from one calf results in the complete withdrawal of the head of another calf from feed bunk
Escape attempt	Calf attempts to leave pen: jump, dig under, go through, or climb fence
Headbutt	Head of the calf connects with the body of another
Mounting	Calf positions body on top of another subject’s topline