Table 3.
Baseline, observed, and predicted 1-week cognitive scores, standardized z scores using different standard error methods, and p values for difference from expectation (z = 0) based on the normal distribution of z scores in MCI participants
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised | ||
|---|---|---|
| Total recall | Delayed recall | |
| Observed baseline score | 18.0 (5.1) | 3.5 (3.3) |
| Observed 1-week score | 21.6 (6.5) | 5.8 (3.7) |
| Predicted 1-week score | 23.4 (4.0) | 7.6 (1.7) |
| z score using SEest | −0.485 (1.1) | −0.931 (1.3) |
| z score using SEpred | −0.482 (1.1) | −0.926 (1.3) |
| r between z scores using SEest and SEpred | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| t and p values for z scores using SEest and SEpred | −0.03; 0.975 | −0.05; 0.960 |
Note: MCI = mild cognitive impairment; SEest = standard error of the estimate using McSweeny et al.’s (1993) equation; SEpred = standard error for prediction of regression using Crawford and Howell’s (1998) equation, r between z scores using SEest and SEpred = Pearson product correlation coefficient between standardized regression-based z scores calculated using SEest and standardized regression-based z scores calculated using SEpred, t, and p values for z scores using SEest and SEpred = paired sample t test values and significance levels between the standardized regression-based z score using SEest and the standardized regression-based z score using SEpred.