Fig. 2.

Enhanced induction of osteoclast activity through acute cigarette smoke exposure with LPS administration. a TRAP staining on the decalcified tibiae slides. b Number of osteoclasts on the bone interface was measured by bone histomorphometry. c Non-adherent bone marrow cells from the indicated test groups were seeded in 6-well plates, then cultured for 7 days. Gene expression of the osteoclast formation markers was detected by real-time RT-PCR. d Osteoclast formation was performed using non-adherent bone marrow cells and stained by TRAP in vitro. e Quantification of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells per well. Samples were evaluated in quadruplicate. Results are reported as mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05 compared to non-smoke group; ^**P < 0.001 compared to non-smoke group; ^†P < 0.05 compared to non-smoke with LPS group