Table 2.
Risk factors and vulnerabilities reported for migrants for COVID-19.
| Authors | Location | Population |
Risk factors |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-morbidities | Health seeking and health care | Social and cultural | Occupation | Details | |||
| Migration Data Portal (Migration Data Portal 2020) | Global | Migrants | x | Occupational risk (frontline/essential, HCWs) | |||
| Júnior (Júnior et al., 2020) | Global | Refugees | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare, language/culture) | ||
| DotW (Doctors of the World 2020) | England | Refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented migrants | x | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; barriers to healthcare |
| Valeriani (Valeriani et al., 2020) | Sweden | Migrants | x | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk (frontline); barriers to healthcare |
| Brickhill-Atkinson (Brickhill-Atkinson and Hauck, 2020) | Global | Refugees | x | x | x | x | Overcrowding; comorbidities; occupational risk (frontline); barriers to healthcare (language, technological) |
| Page (Page et al., 2020) | USA | Undocumented migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status, cultural, language) | |||
| Langellier (Langellier, 2020) | USA | Non-citizens | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk (frontline); barriers to healthcare | |
| Clarke (Clarke et al., 2020) | USA and Canada | Refugee | x | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk; barriers to healthcare; co-morbidities |
| Wang (Wang et al., 2020) | Global | Migrant workers | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk; barriers to healthcare | |
| Kanlungan Filipino Consortium (Kanlungan Filipino Consortium 2020) | UK | Filipino precarious migrants | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); barriers to healthcare; overcrowding | |
| Capps (Capps R, Gelatt, 2020) | USA | Migrant workers | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Zelaya (Zelaya et al. 2020) | USA | Undocumented migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Davis (Davis, 2020) | Massachusetts, US | Migrant households | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status; language/cultural) | |||
| Patel (Patel et al., 2020) | UK | Migrants and refugees | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status; language/cultural); conditions in detention centres (overcrowding) | ||
| Cross (Cross and Benson, 2020) | US | Undocumented migrants | x | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status); occupational risk (frontline); conditions in detention centres | |
| Gosselin (Gosselin et al., 2020) | France | Migrants | x | x | x | x | Co-morbidities; barriers to healthcare (language/cultural); occupational risk (frontline); conditions in camps and detention centres |
| Elisabeth (Elisabeth et al., 2020) | Sweden | Refugees | x | x | x | Co-morbidities; socio-economic determinants (poverty, overcrowding); barriers to healthcare (language/cultural) | |
| Tadolini (Tadolini et al., 2020) | Global | Migrants | x | Co-infection with tuberculosis | |||
| Motta (Motta et al., 2020) | Global | Migrants | x | Co-infection with tuberculosis | |||
| Dias (Dias et al., 2020) | Portugal | Migrants | x | x | x | Living conditions; occupational risk; barriers to healthcare | |
| Iacobucci (Iacobucci, 2020) | Greece | Refugees in camps | x | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, healthcare); co-morbidities | |
| Hargreaves (Hargreaves et al., 2020) | Global | Migrants and refugees | x | x | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare); occupational risk (living conditions); co-morbidities |
| Jozaghi (Jozaghi and Dahya, 2020) | Global, with focus on Canada | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation); co-morbidities | ||
| ACAPS (ACAPS 2020) | Greece | Refugees in camps | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | |||
| Wood (Wood and Devakumar, 2020) | England | Migrant children | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Germain (Germain and Yong, 2020) | England | Migrant women | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Cholera (Cholera et al., 2020) | USA | Migrant children | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status); multigenerational households | ||
| Bakhiet (Bakhiet et al. 2020) | USA | Refugees | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status, other structural/cultural) | |||
| Greenaway (Greenaway et al., 2020) | Global | Migrants | x | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; barriers to healthcare |
| Wilson (Wilson et al., 2020) | USA | Undocumented migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Behbahani (Behbahani et al., 2020) | New York, USA | Migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status, language) | |||
| Lopez (Lopez and Holmes, 2020) | USA | Migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | |||
| Lam (Lam, 2020) | Canada | Migrant sex workers | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status); occupational risk | ||
| Doyle (Doyle, 2020) | Canada | Migrant workers | x | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (immigration status); occupational risk; overcrowding | |
| Bodenmann (Bodenmann et al., 2020) | Vaud, Switzerland | Forced migrants | x | x | Barriers to healthcare (cultural, language); socio-cultural factors; overcrowding | ||
| Institut For Menneske Rettigheder (Institut for Menneskerettigheder 2020) | Denmark | Migrants | x | x | Language and cultural barriers to communication of govt guidance | ||
| Ceccarelli (Ceccarelli et al., 2020) | Rocca di Papa, Italy | Migrants in reception centre | x | x | Low awareness of pandemic | ||
| Guo (Guo et al., 2020) | Spain | Chinese migrants | x | x | High awareness of pandemic and compliance | ||
| Zhang (Zhang and Zhao, 2020) | Global | Chinese migrants | x | x | High awareness of pandemic and compliance | ||
| Vonen (Vonen et al., 2020) | Europe | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Medact (Medact 2020) | Europe | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (testing/ healthcare) | ||
| Hernandez Suarez (Hernandez-Suarez et al., 2020) | Global | Refugees in camps | x | Potential for transmission in camps; healthcare impact | |||
| Hargreaves (Hargreaves et al., 2020) | Europe | Refugees in camps and detention centres | x | x | Conditions in camps and detention centres (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Alawa (Alawa et al., 2020) | Global | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Peprah (Peprah, 2020) | Global | Older refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (sanitation, healthcare, trauma) | ||
| Spernovasilis (Spernovasilis et al., 2020) | Greece | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Kondilis (Kondilis et al., 2020) | Greece | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| The Lancet (The Lancet 2020) | Global | Refugees in camps | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Gilman (Gilman et al., 2020) | Moira, Greece | Refugees in camps | x | x | Potential for transmission in camps (due to overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Alemi (Alemi et al., 2020) | Global | Refugees in camps | x | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, stigma deterring health seeking); comorbidities | |
| Logar (Logar and Leese, 2020) | Italy | Child migrants in detention centres | x | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding); comorbidities | ||
| Meyer (Meyer et al., 2020) | USA | Migrants in detention centres | x | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding, healthcare) | ||
| Irvine (Irvine et al., 2020) | USA | Migrants in detention centres | x | Potential for transmission in detention centres; healthcare impact | |||
| Schotland (Schotland, 2020) | USA | Migrants in detention centres | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding, sanitation) | |||
| Mosca (Mosca et al., 2020) | Global | Irregular migrants | x | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding, sanitation), barriers to healthcare (immigration status) | ||
| Lenzer (Lenzer, 2020) | USA | Migrants in detention centres | x | Conditions in detention centres (healthcare) | |||
| Emelurumonye (Emelurumonye and Miglietta, 2020) | Italy | Migrants in detention centres | x | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Emelurumonye (Emelurumonye and Miglietta, 2020) | Italy | Migrants in detention centres | x | x | Conditions in detention centres (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare) | ||
| Armitage (Armitage and Nellums, 2020) | Europe | Gypsy, Roma and Traveller population | x | x | Living conditions; barriers to healthcare | ||
| Ramírez-Cervantes (Ramírez-Cervantes et al., 2020) | Madrid, Spain | Migrants | x | Socio-economic factors; living conditions (overcrowding) | |||
| Valeriani (Valeriani et al., 2020) | Sweden | Migrants | x | Barriers to healthcare (cultural, language) | |||
| Giordano (Giordano, 2020) | Belgium | Migrant care workers | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security) | |||
| Kuhlmann (Kuhlmann et al., 2020) | EU | Migrant care workers | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security) | |||
| Kerwin (Kerwin and Warren, 2020) | USA | Migrant workers | x | Occupational risk (frontline/essential, HCWs, job security) | |||
| Bureau of Policy & Research (Bureau of Policy and Research 2020) | New York, USA | Migrant workers | x | Occupational risk (frontline) | |||
| Haley (Haley et al., 2020) | Canada | Migrant farmworkers | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); overcrowding; healthcare access (immigration status) | |
| Mares (Mares, 2020) | Vermont, USA | Migrant farmworkers | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); overcrowding; healthcare access (immigration status) | |
| Lee (Lee et al., 2020) | USA | Migrant farmworkers | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline), overcrowding; healthcare access (cultural, technological) | |
| Chandratre (Chandratre and Soman, 2020) | USA | Migrant physicians | x | Occupational risk (HCWs) | |||
| St-Denis (St-Denis, 2020) | Canada | Migrant workers | x | Occupational risk (physical distancing) | |||
| Tayaben (Tayaben and Younas, 2020) | Global | Migrant nurses | x | Occupational risk (HCWs) | |||
| Nezafat Maldonado (Nezafat Maldonado et al., 2020) | Europe | Migrants | x | Healthcare access (language) | |||
| Alahmad (Alahmad et al., 2020) | Kuwait | Migrant workers | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); healthcare access (structural, cultural, language) | ||
| Wong (Wong CL and Chow, 2020) | Hong Kong | South Asian migrants | x | High awareness of pandemic and self-efficacy | |||
| Kong (Kong et al., 2020) | Canada | Chinese migrants | x | Healthcare seeking attitudes (Chinese medicine) | |||
| Rizzolo (Rizzolo et al., 2020) | USA | Undocumented migrants | x | Co-morbidities (kidney failure, emergency-only haemodialysis) | |||
| Orcutt (Orcutt et al., 2020) | Global | Migrants and refugees | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; barriers to healthcare; conditions in camps | ||
| Carruthers (Carruthers et al., 2020) | Greece | Refugees and asylum seekers | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare); healthcare access (immigration status) | ||
| Carruthers (Carruthers et al., 2020) | Greece | Refugees and asylum seekers | x | x | Conditions in camps (overcrowding, sanitation, healthcare); healthcare access (immigration status, cultural, language) | ||
| Guadagno (Guadagno, 2020) | Global | Migrants | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); healthcare access (immigration status, cultural); overcrowding; conditions in camps and detention centres | |
| Esegbona-Adeigbe (Esegbona-Adeigbe, 2020) | UK | Migrants and asylum seekers | x | Impact on healthcare access | |||
| Ali (Ali et al., 2020) | Saudi Arabia | Migrant workers | x | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline); healthcare access (immigration status); overcrowding | |
| OECD (OECD 2020) | OECD | Migrants | x | x | Occupational risk (frontline, job security); overcrowding; socio-economic factors | ||
| Turcotte (Turcotte and Savage, 2020) | Canada | Migrants | x | Occupational risk (frontline, HCWs) | |||
| Cleveland (Cleveland et al., 2020) | Montreal, Canada | Informants incl. migrants | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk; overcrowding; barriers to healthcare (language, immigration status) | |
| Gottlieb (Gottlieb et al., 2020) | Germany | Migrants | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; occupational risk; overcrowding; barriers to healthcare | |
| Nobody Left Outside (Nobody Left Outside 2020) | Europe | Undocumented migrants | x | x | x | Socio-economic determinants; overcrowding; occupational risk barriers to healthcare | |