Table 3.
Risk factors for death from natural causes, accident and unspecified cause
| Accident | Natural causes | Unspecified cause | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p | |||
| Age (ref = 9–15 year-old) | ||||||||||||
| 16–25 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 28.6 | 0.2 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 49.9 | 0.06 |
| 26–35 | 9.4 | 2.3 | 38.4 | 0.002 | 15.2 | 2.1 | 110.5 | 0.007 | 25.4 | 3.5 | 182.5 | 0.001 |
| 36–45 | 9.3 | 2.3 | 37.8 | 0.002 | 34.0 | 4.8 | 243.0 | 0.0004 | 30.5 | 4.3 | 218.8 | 0.0007 |
| 46–55 | 8.9 | 2.2 | 36.3 | 0.002 | 64.7 | 9.1 | 461.5 | <0.0001 | 39.7 | 5.5 | 284.1 | 0.0002 |
| 56–65 | 14.2 | 3.5 | 58.5 | 0.0002 | 127.7 | 17.9 | 910.9 | <0.0001 | 46.1 | 6.4 | 332.3 | 0.0001 |
| 66–75 | 13.1 | 3.1 | 56.5 | 0.0005 | 226.9 | 31.8 | 1620.1 | <0.0001 | 58.3 | 8.0 | 425.6 | <0.0001 |
| 76 + | 42.7 | 10.3 | 176.3 | <0.0001 | 449.0 | 63.0 | 3199.9 | <0.0001 | 139.0 | 19.2 | 1003.1 | <0.0001 |
| Gender: Male vs. female | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.7 | <0.0001 | 1.829 | 1.6 | 2.1 | <0.0001 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Means used for index DSH (ref = drugs [X60-X64]) | ||||||||||||
| Violent means [X66-X82] | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.02 |
| Alcohol [X65] | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.001 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
| More than one DSH means (v. single) | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
| University v. general hospital | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Private clinic v. general hospital | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.006 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
| Distance from home to hospital (ref = 0–3 km) | ||||||||||||
| 4–12 km | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.009 |
| 13 km and more | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.03 |
| Living place (ref = city centre) | ||||||||||||
| Suburbs | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
| Small town | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 |
| Rural | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.04 |
| Admission to intensive care unit (yes v. no) | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.4 | <0.0001 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.003 |
| Comorbidity (ref : Charlson index = 0) | ||||||||||||
| Charlson = 1–2 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.06 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | <0.0001 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.08 |
| Charlson = 3–4 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 0.009 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 4.8 | <0.0001 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
| Charlson = 5+ | 1.6 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 13.7 | 11.1 | 16.9 | <0.0001 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of hospital stay (ref = 0–1 night) | ||||||||||||
| 2–3 nights | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
| 4 and more nights | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.008 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
| Transfer following initial care (ref = home return) | ||||||||||||
| to another medical department | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.2 | <0.0001 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.1 | <0.0001 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.001 |
| to a psychiatric inpatient care unit | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.02 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.2 |