Table 2.
Incidence of depression (CES-D ⩾ 16) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
HRcohort | HRchange (%) | 95% CI | p Value | |
Recent cohort (v. early), unadjusted | 0.70 | 0.54–0.92 | 0.010 | |
Recent cohort (v. early), age and sex-adjusted | 0.71 | Reference | 0.54–0.92 | 0.011 |
Protective factors | ||||
Education | 0.78 | −9.9 | 0.59–1.02 | 0.069 |
Labour market participation | 0.75 | −5.6 | 0.65–0.86 | 0.032 |
Mastery | 0.76 | −7.0 | 0.58–0.99 | 0.049 |
Religious | 0.71 | 0 | 0.54–0.93 | 0.011 |
Partner | 0.71 | 0 | 0.54–0.93 | 0.013 |
Network size | 0.72 | −1.4 | 0.67–0.88 | 0.054 |
Exchange of social support | ||||
Instrumental support given | 0.74 | −4.2 | 0.57–0.96 | 0.027 |
Instrumental support received | 0.71 | 0 | 0.62–0.81 | 0.011 |
Emotional support given | 0.74 | −4.2 | 0.56–0.97 | 0.028 |
Emotional support received | 0.71 | 0 | 0.62–0.81 | 0.011 |
Physical performance | 0.73 | −2.8 | 0.56–0.96 | 0.023 |
Risk factors | ||||
Neuroticism | 0.76 | −7.0 | 0.58–0.99 | 0.046 |
Loneliness | 0.71 | 0 | 0.62–0.81 | 0.012 |
Sleep problems | 0.70a | +1.4 | 0.53–0.93 | 0.015 |
Pain | 0.69a | +2.8 | 0.53–0.90 | 0.007 |
⩾One chronic disease | 0.67a | +5.6 | 0.51–0.88 | 0.004 |
⩾One functional limitation | 0.64a | +9.9 | 0.49–0.84 | 0.001 |
Body mass index | 0.69a | +2.8 | 0.53–0.91 | 0.008 |
Physical activity | 0.70a | +1.4 | 0.53–0.91 | 0.009 |
Alcohol use | 0.68a | +4.2 | 0.52–0.90 | 0.007 |
Smoking | 0.72 | −1.4 | 0.55–0.95 | 0.018 |
Psychotropic medication | ||||
Antidepressant use | 0.71 | 0 | 0.54–0.93 | 0.013 |
Benzodiazepine use | 0.71 | 0 | 0.54–0.93 | 0.013 |
HR, hazard ratio; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale.
Suppressors.