Table 3.
Regressions on Length of Stay (N = 26,505)
| Linear Regression (OLS) |
Negative Binomial Regression | Poisson Regression | Zero-inflated Poisson Regression | Zero-inflated Negative Binomial | Random-effects Model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Female | −1.21*** (0.28) | −0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.08*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.01) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| 30–39 | 0.06 (0.58) | 0.00 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| 40–49 | 0.66 (0.57) | 0.05* (0.02) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.05** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| 50–59 | −0.01 (0.60) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.03) |
| 60–69 | −1.07 (0.68) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.03 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| > =70 | −1.64* (0.76) | − 0.06* (0.03) | − 0.09*** (0.01) | − 0.08*** (0.01) | −0.05* (0.03) | − 0.07* (0.04) |
| Region of residence (NUTS II) | ||||||
| Non resident | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Norte | −5.55*** (1.09) | −0.35*** (0.05) | −0.30*** (0.01) | − 0.30*** (0.01) | −0.35*** (0.05) | − 0.34*** (0.07) |
| Centro | −1.68 (1.12) | −0.13*** (0.05) | − 0.09*** (0.01) | −0.11*** (0.01) | − 0.14*** (0.05) | −0.28*** (0.07) |
| Lisbon | −2.50* (1.07) | −0.17*** (0.05) | −0.13*** (0.01) | − 0.13*** (0.01) | −0.18*** (0.05) | − 0.20*** (0.06) |
| Alentejo | −0.16 (1.53) | − 0.09 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.07) | − 0.15 (0.11) |
| Algarve | 3.31** (1.19) | 0.15*** (0.05) | 0.20*** (0.01) | 0.19*** (0.01) | 0.14*** (0.05) | −0.06 (0.11) |
| Years after economic crisis | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −1.63*** (0.27) | −0.07*** (0.01) | −0.09*** (0.00) | − 0.09*** (0.00) | −0.07*** (0.01) | − 0.06*** (0.01) |
| Having SNSa | ||||||
| Yes | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| No | −0.20 (0.74) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| HIV as a primary diagnosis | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −0.44 (0.30) | − 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.04*** (0.00) | − 0.04*** (0.00) | − 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.04** (0.02) |
| Asymptomatic HIV | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −3.88*** (0.54) | −0.28*** (0.02) | −0.28*** (0.01) | − 0.25*** (0.01) | −0.27*** (0.02) | − 0.27*** (0.03) |
| Hepatitis B | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.19 (0.61) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) |
| Hepatitis C | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −2.74*** (0.30) | −0.16*** (0.01) | −0.16*** (0.00) | − 0.15*** (0.00) | −0.16*** (0.01) | − 0.15*** (0.02) |
| Associated TB infection | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 9.40*** (0.48) | 0.50*** (0.02) | 0.43*** (0.00) | 0.43*** (0.00) | 0.50*** (0.02) | 0.52*** (0.02) |
| Pneumocystis | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.28* (0.50) | 0.11*** (0.02) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.03) |
| Cytomegalovirus | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 10.96*** (0.80) | 0.34*** (0.03) | 0.32*** (0.01) | 0.32*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.03) | 0.31*** (0.04) |
| Mycobacterium disease | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 2.21*** (0.50) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.07*** (0.03) |
| Candidiasis | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 4.81*** (0.35) | 0.22*** (0.01) | 0.20*** (0.00) | 0.20*** (0.00) | 0.22*** (0.01) | 0.19*** (0.02) |
| Toxoplasmosis | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 10.31*** (0.58) | 0.46*** (0.02) | 0.40*** (0.01) | 0.39*** (0.01) | 0.46*** (0.02) | 0.45*** (0.03) |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.31 (0.66) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Recurrent Pneumonia | ||||||
| No | (Ref) - | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | 7.90*** (1.49) | −0.44*** (0.07) | − 0.46*** (0.02) | − 0.47*** (0.02) | −0.44*** (0.07) | − 0.46*** (0.08) |
| Weight loss | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −3.21*** (0.70) | −0.15*** (0.03) | −0.15*** (0.01) | − 0.15*** (0.01) | −0.15*** (0.03) | − 0.12*** (0.04) |
| Number of diagnosis | ||||||
| < =5 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| 6–7 | 2.54*** (0.35) | 0.19*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.00) | 0.17*** (0.00) | 0.18*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.02) |
| 8–10 | 5.17 (0.36) | 0.35*** (0.02) | 0.34*** (0.00) | 0.32*** (0.00) | 0.34*** (0.02) | 0.36*** (0.02) |
| > 10 | 10.47 (0.40) | 0.55*** (0.02) | 0.56*** (0.00) | 0.54*** (0.00) | 0.54*** (0.02) | 0.55*** (0.02) |
| Number of procedures | ||||||
| < =5 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| 6–8 | 2.54*** (0.34 | 0.27*** (0.01) | 0.25*** (0.00) | 0.21*** (0.00) | 0.25*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.02) |
| 9–11 | 5.36*** (0.37 | 0.45*** (0.02) | 0.44*** (0.01) | 0.39*** (0.01) | 0.44*** (0.02) | 0.54*** (0.02) |
| > 11 | 14.37*** (0.39 | 0.82*** (0.02) | 0.79*** (0.00) | 0.74*** (0.00) | 0.80*** (0.02) | 0.94*** (0.02) |
| Emergency Admission | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −0.76* (0.34) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.05*** (0.00) | −0.06*** (0.00) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| 30-day Readmission | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −1.41*** (0.39) | −0.03** (0.02) | −0.07*** (0.00) | − 0.06*** (0.00) | −0.03* (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) |
| Type of intervention | ||||||
| Medical | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Surgical | 9.67*** (0.54) | 0.34*** (0.02) | 0.41*** (0.01) | 0.41*** (0.01) | 0.36*** (0.02) | 0.32*** (0.03) |
| Mode of transfer | ||||||
| No transfer | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Transferred b | −6.63*** (0.57) | −0.32*** (0.02) | −0.35*** (0.01) | −0.33*** (0.01) | − 0.32*** (0.02) | −0.35*** (0.04) |
| Destination after discharge | ||||||
| Home | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Another health service c | 6.31*** (0.68) | 0.20*** (0.03) | 0.30*** (0.01) | 0.34*** (0.01) | 0.21*** (0.03) | 0.22*** (0.04) |
| Exit against medical advice | −4.73*** (0.63) | −0.44*** (0.03) | −0.42*** (0.01) | −0.35*** (0.01) | − 0.43*** (0.03) | −0.43*** (0.03) |
| In hospital death | −0.70 (0.39) | −0.07*** (0.02) | − 0.05*** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | −0.11*** (0.02) |
| Merged hospitals | ||||||
| No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
| Yes | −3.29*** (0.31) | −0.19*** (0.01) | −0.17*** (0.00) | − 0.17*** (0.00) | −0.19*** (0.01) | − 0.09 (0.09) |
| Constant | 13.33 (1.37) | 2.43*** (0.06) | 2.47*** (0.02) | 2.54*** (0.02) | 2.46*** (0.06) | 2.38*** (0.09) |
| Observations | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 | 26,505 |
| Number of groups | 54 | |||||
Standard errors in parentheses
NUTS II Nomenclatura de Unidades Territoriais para Fins Estatísticos, nível II (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics, 2 level); R.A. Região Autónoma (Autonomous Region)
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
a National Health Insurance
b transfer for conducting exams or follow up or lack of resources or treatment of associated condition
c special service includes Home service, Specialized aftercare, Palliative care, long-term hospital care