Table 1.
Crude analysis of maternal demographics, infant characteristics, and metabolites for infants with a morbidity or mortality and those without in the training sample.
| Variable | Morbidity or Mortality | No Morbidity or Mortality | OR (95% CI) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 6,404 | n = 63,534 | |||
| Characteristics | ||||
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 31.3 (3.7) | 35.3 (1.2) | 0.48 (0.48–0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Birthweight (per 100g) | 17.9 (8.1) | 28.3 (5.2) | 0.77 (0.76–0.77) | <0.0001 |
| Age at Collection (hours) | 31.0 (9.5) | 29.0 (8.6) | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 2667 (41.65) | 28951 (45.57) | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | <0.0001 |
| TPN | 3513 (54.86) | 2774 (4.37) | 26.61 (25.00–28.32) | <0.0001 |
| Small for GA | 802 (12.52) | 3784 (5.96) | 2.26 (2.09–2.45) | <0.0001 |
| Cesarean delivery | 3823 (59.7) | 19316 (30.4) | 3.39 (3.22–3.57) | <0.0001 |
| Medi-Cal | 3153 (49.23) | 31638 (49.8) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.3912 |
| Prenatal Care | <0.0001 | |||
| Adequate or adequate plus | 4932 (77.01) | 49843 (78.45) | Reference | |
| Intermediate | 555 (8.67) | 4089 (6.44) | 1.37 (1.25–1.51) | |
| Inadequate | 676 (10.56) | 7728 (12.16) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | |
| Unknown | 241 (3.76) | 1874 (2.95) | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | |
| Maternal Race | <0.0001 | |||
| White non-Hispanic | 1366 (21.33) | 12932 (20.35) | Reference | |
| Black | 389 (6.07) | 2724 (4.29) | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) | |
| Hispanic | 3357 (52.42) | 34429 (54.19) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | |
| Asian | 816 (12.74) | 9425 (14.83) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | |
| Other | 476 (7.43) | 4024 (6.33) | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | |
| Maternal education | <0.0001 | |||
| <12 years | 1884 (29.42) | 20605 (32.43) | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | |
| 12 years | 1486 (23.2) | 14427 (22.71) | 1.00 (0.93–1.06) | |
| >12 years | 2714 (42.38) | 26224 (41.28) | Reference | |
| unknown | 320 (5) | 2278 (3.59) | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | |
| Maternal age | <0.0001 | |||
| <18 years | 247 (3.86) | 2497 (3.93) | 1.02 (0.90–1.17) | |
| 18–34 years | 4659 (72.75) | 48229 (75.91) | Reference | |
| >34 years | 1498 (23.39) | 12808 (20.16) | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 741 (11.57) | 6400 (10.07) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 0.0002 |
| Gestational hypertension | 1088 (16.99) | 6583 (10.36) | 1.77 (1.65–1.90) | <0.0001 |
| Enzymes & Hormones | ||||
| 17 Hydroxyprogesterone | 4.27 (0.9) | 3.33 (0.65) | 6.00 (5.76–6.25) | <0.0001 |
| TSH | 0.74 (0.96) | 1.47 (0.61) | 0.24 (0.23–0.25) | <0.0001 |
| GALT | 5.43 (0.28) | 5.5 (0.23) | 0.37 (0.33–0.41) | <0.0001 |
| Amino Acids | ||||
| 5-Oxoproline | 3.37 (0.61) | 3.54 (0.55) | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) | <0.0001 |
| Alanine | 5.5 (0.42) | 5.48 (0.33) | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | <0.0001 |
| Arginine | 2.66 (0.92) | 2.15 (0.68) | 2.62 (2.53–2.72) | <0.0001 |
| Citrulline | 2.75 (0.38) | 2.71 (0.28) | 1.66 (1.52–1.81) | <0.0001 |
| Glycine | 6.29 (0.33) | 6.35 (0.28) | 0.50 (0.46–0.55) | <0.0001 |
| Leucine/Isoleucine | 4.94 (0.49) | 4.65 (0.28) | 12.13 (11.24–13.09) | <0.0001 |
| Methionine | 3.55 (0.63) | 3.34 (0.33) | 3.92 (3.68–4.17) | <0.0001 |
| Ornithine | 4.69 (0.52) | 4.58 (0.35) | 2.23 (2.09–2.39) | <0.0001 |
| Phenylalanine | 4.37 (0.32) | 4.15 (0.23) | 25.55 (23.05–28.31) | <0.0001 |
| Proline | 5.24 (0.49) | 5.19 (0.34) | 1.50 (1.40–1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Tyrosine | 4.54 (0.65) | 4.66 (0.42) | 0.56 (0.53–0.59) | <0.0001 |
| Valine | 4.87 (0.46) | 4.67 (0.31) | 6.42 (5.94–6.94) | <0.0001 |
| Carnitines | ||||
| Free Carnitine | 3.77 (0.46) | 3.57 (0.41) | 3.01 (2.83–3.21) | <0.0001 |
| C-2 | 3.17 (0.37) | 3.2 (0.31) | 0.76 (0.70–0.83) | <0.0001 |
| C-3 | 0.89 (0.43) | 0.69 (0.4) | 3.29 (3.08–3.50) | <0.0001 |
| C-3DC | −2.57 (0.42) | −2.38 (0.39) | 0.29 (0.27–0.31) | <0.0001 |
| C-4 | −1.01 (0.51) | −1.33 (0.5) | 3.96 (3.75–4.19) | <0.0001 |
| C-5 | −1.37 (0.61) | −1.97 (0.54) | 10.18 (9.60–10.80) | <0.0001 |
| C-5:1 | −3.61 (0.86) | −3.78 (0.88) | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | <0.0001 |
| C-5DC | −2.17 (0.48) | −2.06 (0.45) | 0.59 (0.56–0.63) | <0.0001 |
| C-5OH | −1.66 (0.51) | −1.72 (0.51) | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) | <0.0001 |
| C-6 | −3 (0.83) | −2.83 (0.79) | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | <0.0001 |
| C-8 | −2.87 (0.77) | −2.73 (0.73) | 0.79 (0.77–0.82) | <0.0001 |
| C-8:1 | −2.45 (0.77) | −2.29 (0.62) | 0.71 (0.68–0.73) | <0.0001 |
| C-10 | −3.06 (0.78) | −2.48 (0.66) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | <0.0001 |
| C-10:1 | −3.1 (0.82) | −2.96 (0.7) | 0.79 (0.76–0.82) | <0.0001 |
| C-12 | −2.43 (0.75) | −1.8 (0.57) | 0.24 (0.24–0.26) | <0.0001 |
| C-12:1 | −3.24 (0.85) | −2.59 (0.83) | 0.48 (0.47–0.49) | <0.0001 |
| C-14 | −1.71 (0.47) | −1.44 (0.39) | 0.23 (0.21–0.24) | <0.0001 |
| C-14:1 | −2.36 (0.59) | −1.98 (0.55) | 0.36 (0.35–0.38) | <0.0001 |
| C-14OH | −4.05 (0.83) | −3.74 (0.84) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | <0.0001 |
| C-16 | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.98 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.11–0.13) | <0.0001 |
| C-16:1 | −1.77 (0.52) | −1.53 (0.46) | 0.39 (0.37–0.41) | <0.0001 |
| C-16OH | −3.73 (0.82) | −3.57 (0.81) | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | <0.0001 |
| C-18 | −0.29 (0.37) | −0.23 (0.35) | 0.61 (0.57–0.66) | <0.0001 |
| C-18:1 | −0.05 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | <0.0001 |
| C-18:1OH | −4.02 (0.81) | −3.89 (0.83) | 0.83 (0.81–0.86) | <0.0001 |
| C-18:2 | −1.34 (0.63) | −1.6 (0.51) | 2.74 (2.60–2.89) | <0.0001 |
| C-18OH | −4.38 (0.79) | −4.19 (0.83) | 0.75 (0.73–0.78) | <0.0001 |
TPN: total parenteral nutrition; NBS: newborn screening; GALT: galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone. Continuous variables described using mean and SD and ORs by per unit increase. Categorical variables described using frequencies and proportions. T-tests and χ2 tests for continuous and categorical variables respectively