Table I.
Baseline characteristics of non-acute kidney injury (non-AKI) and acute kidney injury groups (n=220)
| Parameters | Non-AKI, n (%) | AKI, n (%) | OR (95% CI) unadjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr (mean±SD) | 47.85±17.33 | 56.92±14.85 | |
| Male gender | 111 (50.5) | 138 (62.7) | 1.65 (1.13-2.42)* |
| Category of AKI# | |||
| Community acquired | 104 (47.3) | ||
| Hospital acquired | 77 (35) | ||
| Comorbid illnesses | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 74 (33.6) | 135 (61.4) | 3.13 (2.12-4.63)* |
| Hypertension | 74 (33.6) | 134 (60.9) | 3.07 (2.08-4.54)* |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (1.4) | 103 (46.8) | 63.68 (19.77-205.12)* |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (2.3) | 8 (3.6) | 1.62 (0.52-5.04) |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 15 (6.8) | 40 (18.2) | 3.04 (1.62-5.68)* |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 5 (2.3) | 19 (8.6) | 4.06 (1.49-11.09)* |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 17 (7.7) | 15 (6.8) | 0.87 (0.42-1.80) |
| Solid organ tumour | 9 (4.1) | 5 (2.3) | 0.54 (0.18-1.65) |
| Hematological malignancy | 4 (4.1) | 6 (2.7) | 1.51 (0.42-5.44) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0 | 4 (1.8) | |
| Dementia | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 (0.06-16.09) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 7 (3.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.14 (0.02-1.14) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 4 (1.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0.25 (0.03-2.22) |
| Systemic sclerosis | 1 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disesase | 13 (5.9) | 6 (2.7) | 0.45 (0.17-1.20) |
| HIV infection | 2 (0.9) | 3 (1.4) | 1.51 (0.25-9.08) |
| Hepatitis B infection | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | 2.01 (0.18-22.32) |
| Hepatitis C infection | 0 | 1 (0.5) | |
| Medication use | |||
| NSAID | 5 (2.3) | 3 (1.4) | 0.59 (0.14-2.52) |
| Steroid | 55 (25) | 58 (26.4) | 1.07 (0.7-1.65) |
| Cancer chemotherapy | 3 (1.4) | 5 (2.3) | 1.68 (0.40-7.13) |
| Anti-retroviral therapy | 0 | 1 (0.5) | |
| Native medication | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 (0.06-16.09) |
| Diuretics | 26 (11.8) | 91 (41.4) | 5.26 (3.23-8.59)* |
| ACEI or ARB | 57 (25.9) | 31 (14.1) | 0.47 (0.29-0.78)* |
| Beta-lactam | 25 (11.4) | 22 (10) | 0.87 (0.47-1.59) |
| Rifampicin | 1 (0.5) | 7 (3.2) | 7.20 (0.88-59.00) |
| Sulphonamide | 0 | 0 | |
| Aminoglycosides | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | 2.01 (0.18-22.32) |
| Quinolones | 12 (5.5) | 8 (3.6) | 0.65 (0.26-1.63) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 213 (96.8) | 206 (93.6) | 0.48 (0.19-1.22) |
| Amphotericin | 0 | 4 (1.8) | |
| Drugs - others | 200 (90.9) | 191 (86.8) | 0.66 (0.36-1.20) |
| Clinical and laboratory features | |||
| Urine output - oliguric | 1 (0.5) | 41 (18.6) | |
| Urine output - anuric | 0 | 3 (1.4) | |
| Dependant oedema | 33 (15) | 65 (29.5) | |
| Ascites | 9 (0.9) | 18 (8.2) | |
| Asterixis | 0 | 8 (3.6) | |
| Dysmorphic RBCs | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Aetiology | |||
| Systemic infection | 85 (38.6) | 122 (55.5) | 1.98 (1.35-2.89)* |
| Diarrhoeal disease | 6 (2.7) | 13 (5.9) | |
| Malaria | 0 | 3 (1.4) | |
| Dengue | 5 (2.3) | 4 (1.8) | 0.80 (0.21-3.01) |
| Leptospirosis | 0 | 1 (0.5) | |
| Scrub typhus | 8 (3.6) | 5 (2.3) | 0.62 (0.20-1.91) |
| Enteric fever | 2 (0.9)) | 1 (0.5) | 0.50 (0.04-5.53) |
| Heat related illness | 0 | 2 (0.9) | |
| Treatment | |||
| ICU stay | 17 (7.7) | 62 (28.2) | 4.69 (2.63-8.33)* |
| Invasive ventilation | 10 (4.5) | 49 (22.3) | 6.02 (2.96-12.23)* |
| Inotrope requirement | 5 (2.3) | 47 (21.4) | 11.68 (4.55-30.01)* |
| Outcome | |||
| Death | 4 (1.8) | 42 (19.1) | 12.74 (4.48-36.21)* |
*P<0.05; #Missing data for 39 patients. AKI, acute kidney injury; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ICU, intensive care unit; RBCs, red blood cells; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker