Table 1.

Characteristics of included quantitative studies

Study	Country	Study aims	Participants’ characteristics	Sample size	Study design	Exposure definition	Exposure prevalence	Outcome measured	Outcome prevalence
Bishanga et al50	Tanzania	To explore women’s experience of facility-based childbirth care, including D&A, choice of birth position, offer of a birth companion and perceived facility cleanliness.	Women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in health facilities during the 2 years preceding the survey.	732	Cross-sectional	Self-report of any of the following: left alone for a long period of time, left to deliver unassisted/alone, verbally abused, shared a bed with another person during labour, level of privacy, provided with no bed sheet, physical violence, inappropriate touching, discrimination, denied services, detained for payment, denied food/drink or care without consent.	73.1%	PNC use—any healthcare services given to women or baby by a professional health worker at a health facility within 48 hours of delivery.	Early postnatal check for women: 339 (46.3%); early postnatal check for baby: 358 (51.4%).
Creanga et al51	Malawi	To examine predictors of perinatal health service utilisation and to assess patient satisfaction with these services when last obtained.	Women aged 15–49 years who have given birth within the last 12 months and whose babies were alive at the time of the survey.	1301	Cross-sectional (baseline data from a cluster RCT)	Perceptions regarding the cleanliness of the facility, patients’ privacy, providers availability at the facility, quality of services offered, unmarried woman lack of access to services. Assessed by a 5-point agreement Likert scale.	Cleanliness: 3.5%; privacy: 6.7%; provider availability: 10.2%; low quality services: 10.9%; access to FP/RHs for unmarried women: 31.5%.	Maternal and neonatal PNC use—use after last delivery and number of checks within 2 months post partum.	77.5%
Bandeira de Sá et al52	Brazil	To identify factors associated with breast feeding in the first hour of life.	Mother–child pairs aged 0–12 months who attended health units.	1027	Cross-sectional	Self-report of any of the following during labour or delivery: physical violence (painful medical examination, being hit pushed or tied up), verbal violence (being yelled at), neglect (denial of care, fail to provide pain relief or lack on information about procedures), rooming in.	Verbal violence: 17.8%; physical violence: 17.3%; neglect: 16.7%; no rooming-in: 10.1%.	Child placed in the chest to breast feed in the first hour of life.	77.3%
Silveira et al53	Brazil	To examine the effect of the different types of disrespectful and abusive experiences on maternal postpartum depression occurrence and to explore if the associations differ according to women’s antenatal depressive symptoms status.	All women resident in the urban area, with confirmed pregnancy estimated delivery date in the year 2015.	3065	Cohort	Self-reported information on disrespect and abuse as any of the following: verbal abuse, denial of care (abandonment of care), physical abuse and undesired procedures (non-consented care) during the process of childbirth.	18.0% (95% CI 16.7 to 19.4)	Maternal postpartum depression- assessed by EPDS with cut-off of ≥13 points for moderate signs of depression and ≥15 points for severe signs of depression.	EPDS score ≥13: 9.4%; EPDS score ≥15: 5.7%

EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FP, family planning services; PNC, postnatal care; RCT, Randomised controlled trial; RH, reproductive health services.