Table 4. Results of a multifactor analysis of variance.

	Df	Pillai	Approx F	Num Df	Den Df	Pr(>F)
Cleft	1	0.2522	2.327	10	69	0.020*
Sex	1	0.2977	2.926	10	69	0.004*
Cleft:Sex	1	0.0945	0.720	10	69	0.702
Residuals	78

* P<0.01.

Df, degrees of freedom; Pillai, Pillai’s trace (a test statistic in the multifactor analysis of variance; this is a positive-value statistic ranging from 0 to 1, and increasing values mean that the effects are contributing more to the model); Approx F, the F statistic for the given predictor and test statistic; Num DF, number of degrees of freedom in the model; Den Df, number of degrees of freedom associated with the model errors; Pr(>F), p-value associated with the F statistic of a given effect and test statistic (the null hypothesis that a given predictor has no effect on either of the outcomes is evaluated with regard to this p-value).