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. 2021 Apr 22;11:8761. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88283-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study design of the hamster challenge study. Hamsters were immunized twice at 3 weeks apart and 2 weeks after the second immunization, serum samples were taken for immunogenicity assays. Four weeks after the second immunization, hamsters were challenged with 10⁴ PFU of SARS-CoV-2. Body weights were tracked for 3–6 days after infection and the animals were euthanized on the third or sixth day after infection for necropsy and tissue sampling.