Table 2.
Risk factors associated with the distant metastasis in patients with T1 stage colorectal cancer.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age(years) | ||||
| < 60 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥ 60 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.0057 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.0104 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | |||
| Female | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.5720 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1 | |||
| Single* | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Unknown | 0.6 (0.4–0.98) | 0.0435 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White | 1 | |||
| Black | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.0040 | ||
| Other | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 0.7998 | ||
| Unknown | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.7480 | ||
| CEA | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 17.5 (13.1–23.3) | < 0.0001 | 14.9 (11.0–20.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Unknown | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.8325 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.0975 |
| Tumor localization | ||||
| Colon | 1 | |||
| Rectum | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.6676 | ||
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤ 5 cm | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 5 cm | 5.5 (4.1–7.4) | < 0.0001 | 4.0 (2.8–5.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Unknown | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) | < 0.0001 | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Histology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mucinous | 4.6 (3.2–6.7) | < 0.0001 | 4.1 (2.6–6.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Signet-ring cell | 10.3 (4.6–23.1) | < 0.0001 | 5.9 (2.2–16.0) | 0.0004 |
| Grade | ||||
| Well/moderately differentiated | 1 | |||
| Poorly/un-differentiated | 2.8 (2.1–3.9) | < 0.0001 | 1.9 (1.3–2.78) | 0.0009 |
| Unknown | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | < 0.0001 | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.0028 |
| Tumor deposit | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 10.8 (6.6–17.8) | < 0.0001 | 2.5 (1.3–4.8) | 0.0041 |
| Unknown | 3.9 (3.2–4.8) | < 0.0001 | 3.1 (2.4–4.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Perineural invasion | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 5.8 (3.2–10.5) | < 0.0001 | 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | 0.0156 |
| Unknown | 3.4 (2.8–4.2) | < 0.0001 | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Lymph | ||||
| 0–12 | 1 | |||
| > 12 | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Unknown | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | 0.5003 | ||
| Positive lymph node | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 6.5 (4.7–8.9) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Unknown | 4.9 (3.9–6.4) | < 0.0001 | ||
| N stage | ||||
| N0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| N1 | 4.6 (3.5–5.9) | < 0.0001 | 4.0 (3.0–5.4) | < 0.0001 |
| N2 | 17.0 (11.4–25.3) | < 0.0001 | 8.5 (5.0–14.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Unknown | 5.6 (3.7–8.4) | < 0.0001 | 3.0 (1.9–4.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Insurance | ||||
| Non insured | 1 | |||
| Insured | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.0155 | ||
| Unknown | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.0154 | ||
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio. *Single includes divorced/separated/widowed/unmarried. The formula generated by the multivariate model predicts OR = e^(− 5.81 − 0.30 × age (≥ 60) + 1.36 × tumor size (> 5 cm) + 0.53 × tumor size (unknown) + 2.70 × CEA (positive) – 0.27 × CEA (unknown) + 1.42 × mucinous adenocarcinoma + 1.78 × Signet ring cell carcinoma + 0.98 × tumor deposit (positive) + 1.13 × tumor deposit (unknown) + 0.62 × poorly or un-differentiated + 0.43 × unknown differentiation + 0.92 × perineural invasion (positive) + 0.74 × perineural invasion (unknown) + 1.39 × N stage (N1) + 2.14 × N stage (N2) + 1.11 × unknown N stage).