Table 3.
Intensity weighted lifetime days of use of pesticides at enrollment in relation to self-reported olfactory impairment reported in the third follow-up in the Agricultural Health Study (n=20,409), Iowa and North Carolina
| Pesticides | Exposurea | No OI (n (%)) | Any OIb (n=20,409) | Time-restricted OIc (n=19,563) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OI (n (%)) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend | OI (n (%)) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend | |||
| Insecticide | ||||||||
| Organochlorine | ||||||||
| Aldrind | Never | 8080 (83.9) | 849 (75.7) | Ref | 0.25 | 477 (74.2) | Ref | 0.30 |
| >0–315 | 565 (5.9) | 96 (8.6) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.41) | 59 (9.2) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58) | |||
| >315–952 | 489 (5.1) | 77 (6.9) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 47 (7.3) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.48) | |||
| >952 | 501 (5.2) | 99 (8.8) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) | 60 (9.3) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.68) | |||
| Chlordaned | Never | 8080 (82.0) | 857 (73.2) | Ref | 0.08 | 500 (74.2) | Ref | 0.35 |
| >0–231 | 580 (5.9) | 108 (9.2) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.83) | 58 (8.6) | 1.29 (0.96, 1.73) | |||
| >231–637 | 607 (6.2) | 104 (8.9) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.63) | 55 (8.2) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.52) | |||
| >637 | 586 (5.9) | 102 (8.7) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 61 (9.1) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.56) | |||
| Dieldrind | Never | 9363 (96.7) | 1074 (94.5) | Ref | 0.63 | 615 (94.9) | Ref | 0.17 |
| >0–210 | 114 (1.2) | 22 (1.9) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.70) | 14 (2.2) | 1.12 (0.63, 2.00) | |||
| >210–653 | 94 (1.0) | 23 (2.0) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.11) | 12 (1.9) | 1.15 (0.61, 2.14) | |||
| >653 | 111 (1.1) | 17 (1.5) | 0.82 (0.49, 1.40) | 7 (1.1) | 0.55 (0.25, 1.21) | |||
| DDTd | Never | 7873 (81.3) | 794 (69.5) | Ref | 0.02 | 440 (66.7) | Ref | 0.01 |
| >0–328 | 601 (6.2) | 115 (10.1) | 1.33 (1.06, 1.68) | 71 (10.8) | 1.40 (1.05, 1.86) | |||
| >328–1583 | 622 (6.4) | 113 (9.9) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.59) | 67 (10.2) | 1.23 (0.91, 1.65) | |||
| >1583 | 592 (6.1) | 121 (10.6) | 1.38 (1.10, 1.74) | 82 (12.4) | 1.54 (1.17, 2.03) | |||
| Heptachlord | Never | 8535 (88.1) | 938 (82.4) | Ref | 0.32 | 545 (83.6) | Ref | 0.88 |
| >0–289 | 396 (4.1) | 60 (5.3) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.33) | 37 (5.7) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.43) | |||
| >289–893 | 384 (4.0) | 71 (6.2) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) | 30 (4.6) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.20) | |||
| >893 | 374 (3.9) | 69 (6.1) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.51) | 40 (6.1) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.50) | |||
| Toxaphened | Never | 9303 (90.1) | 1050 (85.7) | Ref | 0.27 | 613 (86.5) | Ref | 0.66 |
| >0–298 | 344 (3.3) | 57 (4.7) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.69) | 33 (4.7) | 1.25 (0.86, 1.81) | |||
| >298–1050 | 335 (3.2) | 67 (5.5) | 1.49 (1.13, 1.96) | 33 (4.7) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.80) | |||
| >1050 | 344 (3.3) | 51 (4.2) | 1.12 (0.82, 1.53) | 30 (4.2) | 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) | |||
| Lindaned | Never | 8777 (85.5) | 957 (78.4) | Ref | <.0001 | 552 (78.3) | Ref | 0.0006 |
| >0–315 | 513 (5.0) | 83 (6.8) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.68) | 45 (6.4) | 1.27 (0.92, 1.75) | |||
| >315–1176 | 498 (4.9) | 85 (7.0) | 1.42 (1.11, 1.82) | 54 (7.7) | 1.62 (1.20, 2.18) | |||
| >1176 | 474 (4.6) | 95 (7.8) | 1.64 (1.29, 2.07) | 54 (7.7) | 1.60 (1.18, 2.17) | |||
| Carbamate | ||||||||
| Aldicarbd | Never | 9177 (93.3) | 1099 (94.3) | Ref | 0.09 | 629 (93.6) | Ref | 0.33 |
| >0–613 | 213 (2.2) | 25 (2.1) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.62) | 15 (2.2) | 1.07 (0.61, 1.85) | |||
| >613–2408 | 223 (2.3) | 26 (2.2) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.62) | 17 (2.5) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.98) | |||
| >2408 | 227 (2.3) | 16 (1.4) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.07) | 11 (1.6) | 0.72 (0.38, 1.37) | |||
| Carbaryld | Never | 5720 (58.8) | 605 (52.5) | Ref | 0.90 | 341 (51.7) | Ref | 0.96 |
| >0–341 | 1347 (13.9) | 184 (16.0) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) | 106 (16.1) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.50) | |||
| >341–2015 | 1351 (13.9) | 204 (17.7) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.60) | 116 (17.6) | 1.30 (1.03, 1.65) | |||
| >2015 | 1302 (13.4) | 159 (13.8) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.39) | 96 (14.6) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.46) | |||
| Carbofuran | Never | 12129 (71.4) | 1277 (66.0) | Ref | 0.51 | 753 (65.8) | Ref | 0.99 |
| >0–350 | 1600 (9.4) | 239 (12.3) | 1.27 (1.09, 1.47) | 134 (11.7) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.46) | |||
| >350–1260 | 1631 (9.6) | 221 (11.4) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.36) | 142 (12.4) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.50) | |||
| >1260 | 1616 (9.5) | 199 (10.3) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 115 (10.1) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.22) | |||
| Organophosphate | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | Never | 9449 (54.9) | 1023 (51.9) | Ref | 0.64 | 607 (52.2) | Ref | 0.99 |
| >0–435 | 2532 (14.7) | 344 (17.5) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) | 199 (17.1) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.48) | |||
| >435–1715 | 2658 (15.4) | 305 (15.5) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) | 185 (15.9) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | |||
| >1715 | 2573 (14.9) | 299 (15.2) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.23) | 172 (14.8) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | |||
| Coumaphos | Never | 15223 (90.6) | 1693 (88.9) | Ref | 0.99 | 1007 (89.6) | Ref | 0.34 |
| >0–394 | 539 (3.2) | 77 (4.0) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.53) | 42 (3.7) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.51) | |||
| >394–1369 | 513 (3.1) | 76 (4.0) | 1.26 (0.98, 1.61) | 46 (4.1) | 1.29 (0.94, 1.76) | |||
| >1369 | 531 (3.2) | 59 (3.1) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 29 (2.6) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | |||
| Diazinond | Never | 7891 (79.4) | 866 (72.9) | Ref | 0.01 | 500 (73.2) | Ref | 0.18 |
| >0–515 | 698 (7.0) | 118 (9.9) | 1.45 (1.17, 1.79) | 70 (10.2) | 1.47 (1.12, 1.92) | |||
| >515–3923 | 679 (6.8) | 99 (8.3) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) | 55 (8.1) | 1.15 (0.85, 1.55) | |||
| >3923 | 668 (6.7) | 105 (8.8) | 1.40 (1.11, 1.76) | 58 (8.5) | 1.26 (0.93, 1.70) | |||
| Dichlorvos | Never | 14949 (87.8) | 1630 (84.3) | Ref | 0.08 | 974 (85.0) | Ref | 0.06 |
| >0–315 | 691 (4.1) | 93 (4.8) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.44) | 47 (4.1) | 1.00 (0.74, 1.37) | |||
| >315–1143 | 697 (4.1) | 111 (5.7) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.64) | 64 (5.6) | 1.33 (1.02, 1.75) | |||
| >1143 | 684 (4.0) | 99 (5.1) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 61 (5.3) | 1.29 (0.98, 1.70) | |||
| Fonofos | Never | 13149 (76.8) | 1461 (75.0) | Ref | 0.39 | 869 (75.4) | Ref | 0.47 |
| >0–429 | 1289 (7.5) | 183 (9.4) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) | 105 (9.1) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.48) | |||
| >429–1550 | 1371 (8) | 147 (7.5) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.04) | 87 (7.6) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) | |||
| >1550 | 1310 (7.7) | 158 (8.1) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.14) | 91 (7.9) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.19) | |||
| Malathiond | Never | 3562 (34.8) | 345 (28.3) | Ref | 0.01 | 182 (26.0) | Ref | 0.01 |
| >0–360 | 2215 (21.6) | 281 (23.1) | 1.24 (1.05, 1.47) | 165 (23.5) | 1.44 (1.15, 1.80) | |||
| >360–1344 | 2290 (22.4) | 280 (23.0) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.38) | 169 (24.1) | 1.39 (1.11, 1.74) | |||
| >1344 | 2172 (21.2) | 311 (25.6) | 1.33 (1.13, 1.58) | 185 (26.4) | 1.50 (1.21, 1.87) | |||
| Parathiond | Never | 9549 (93.1) | 1099 (90.5) | Ref | 0.23 | 638 (91.3) | Ref | 0.54 |
| >0–315 | 232 (2.3) | 41 (3.4) | 1.41 (1.00, 1.99) | 23 (3.3) | 1.32 (0.85, 2.06) | |||
| >315–1700 | 239 (2.3) | 40 (3.3) | 1.39 (0.98, 1.98) | 18 (2.6) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.66) | |||
| >1700 | 237 (2.3) | 34 (2.8) | 1.22 (0.84, 1.77) | 20 (2.9) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.88) | |||
| Phorated | Never | 6682 (67.8) | 741 (63.6) | Ref | 0.64 | 438 (65.1) | Ref | 0.15 |
| >0–315 | 1082 (11) | 148 (12.7) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 82 (12.2) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) | |||
| >315–1117 | 1036 (10.5) | 147 (12.6) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) | 90 (13.4) | 1.26 (0.99, 1.61) | |||
| >1117 | 1057 (10.7) | 130 (11.1) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.17) | 63 (9.4) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | |||
| Terbufos | Never | 10133 (59.3) | 1099 (56.4) | Ref | 0.07 | 652 (56.9) | Ref | 0.06 |
| >0–621 | 2300 (13.5) | 278 (14.3) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 163 (14.2) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | |||
| >621–2279 | 2387 (14.0) | 272 (14.0) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 149 (13.0) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | |||
| >2279 | 2274 (13.3) | 299 (15.3) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.33) | 182 (15.9) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) | |||
| Permethrin | ||||||||
| Permethrin (crops) | Never | 14678 (86.7) | 1625 (84.9) | Ref | 0.001 | 962 (85) | Ref | 0.001 |
| >0–245 | 744 (4.4) | 94 (4.9) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.44) | 54 (4.8) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.55) | |||
| >245–963 | 779 (4.6) | 89 (4.6) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | 46 (4.1) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | |||
| >963 | 726 (4.3) | 106 (5.5) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.76) | 70 (6.2) | 1.55 (1.19,2.01) | |||
| Permethrin (animals) | Never | 14557 (84.9) | 1610 (82.7) | Ref | 0.38 | 950 (82.6) | Ref | 0.28 |
| >0–350 | 845 (4.9) | 125 (6.4) | 1.39 (1.14, 1.70) | 73 (6.3) | 1.48 (1.15, 1.92) | |||
| >350–1382 | 886 (5.2) | 110 (5.6) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 68 (5.9) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) | |||
| >1382 | 866 (5.0) | 102 (5.2) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 59 (5.1) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.52) | |||
| Fumigant | ||||||||
| CCl4/CS2d | Never | 9947 (96.2) | 1146 (93.5) | Ref | 0.11 | 651 (91.9) | Ref | 0.01 |
| >0–63 | 129 (1.2) | 27 (2.2) | 1.44 (0.94,2.20) | 19 (2.7) | 1.83 (1.12, 3.01) | |||
| >63–331 | 136 (1.3) | 26 (2.1) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.87) | 18 (2.5) | 1.48 (0.89, 2.46) | |||
| >331 | 125 (1.2) | 27 (2.2) | 1.40 (0.91, 2.14) | 20 (2.8) | 1.80 (1.10, 2.95) | |||
| Aluminum phosphided | Never | 9963 (96.3) | 1181 (95.8) | Ref | 0.67 | 681 (95.6) | Ref | 0.90 |
| >0–56 | 124 (1.2) | 21 (1.7) | 1.37 (0.85,2.20) | 14 (2.0) | 1.68 (0.95,2.95) | |||
| >56–248 | 128 (1.2) | 18 (1.5) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.92) | 9 (1.3) | 1.05 (0.53, 2.09) | |||
| >248 | 130 (1.3) | 13 (1.1) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.51) | 8 (1.1) | 0.93 (0.45, 1.92) | |||
| Ethylene dibromided | Never | 9937 (96) | 1182 (95.6) | Ref | 0.56 | 679 (95.4) | Ref | 0.18 |
| >0–196 | 138 (1.3) | 18 (1.5) | 1.15 (0.69, 1.90) | 7 (1.0) | 0.77 (0.36, 1.67) | |||
| >196–919 | 137 (1.3) | 19 (1.5) | 1.24 (0.75, 2.04) | 12 (1.7) | 1.31 (0.71, 2.42) | |||
| >919 | 135 (1.3) | 18 (1.5) | 1.14 (0.68, 1.90) | 14 (2.0) | 1.45 (0.81, 2.58) | |||
| Methyl bromide | Never | 14751 (86.6) | 1673 (86.9) | Ref | 0.55 | 971 (85.9) | Ref | 0.27 |
| >0–294 | 740 (4.3) | 81 (4.2) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.31) | 50 (4.4) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.37) | |||
| >294–1260 | 782 (4.6) | 90 (4.7) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 61 (5.4) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) | |||
| >1260 | 765 (4.5) | 81 (4.2) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.21) | 49 (4.3) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.17) | |||
| Fungicide | ||||||||
| Benomyld | Never | 8915 (93.5) | 1040 (92.3) | Ref | 0.15 | 593 (91.7) | Ref | 0.07 |
| >0–343 | 199 (2.1) | 36 (3.2) | 1.66 (1.13, 2.43) | 21 (3.2) | 1.73 (1.07, 2.81) | |||
| >343–1773 | 220 (2.3) | 20 (1.8) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.45) | 12 (1.9) | 0.95 (0.50, 1.79) | |||
| >1773 | 197 (2.1) | 31 (2.8) | 1.47 (0.94, 2.28) | 21 (3.2) | 1.73 (1.02, 2.95) | |||
| Captan | Never | 14920 (89.3) | 1647 (86.9) | Ref | 0.05 | 977 (86.5) | Ref | 0.10 |
| >0–9 | 667 (4.0) | 90 (4.7) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | 51 (4.5) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) | |||
| >9–161 | 528 (3.2) | 74 (3.9) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.59) | 48 (4.3) | 1.39 (1.02, 1.89) | |||
| >161 | 584 (3.5) | 85 (4.5) | 1.29 (1.02, 1.64) | 53 (4.7) | 1.30 (0.97, 1.75) | |||
| Chlorothalonil | Never | 15917 (93.7) | 1788 (93.4) | Ref | 0.94 | 1048 (92.6) | Ref | 0.41 |
| >0–539 | 345 (2.0) | 47 (2.5) | 1.29 (0.93, 1.78) | 29 (2.6) | 1.31 (0.88, 1.95) | |||
| >539–3080 | 362 (2.1) | 44 (2.3) | 1.20 (0.85, 1.69) | 28 (2.5) | 1.22 (0.80, 1.87) | |||
| >3080 | 372 (2.2) | 36 (1.9) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.46) | 27 (2.4) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.89) | |||
| Maneb/Mancozebd | Never | 9130 (93.1) | 1086 (93.1) | Ref | 0.82 | 618 (92.1) | Ref | 0.58 |
| >0–425 | 232 (2.4) | 22 (1.9) | 0.81 (0.51, 1.28) | 14 (2.1) | 0.89 (0.50, 1.56) | |||
| >425–2688 | 232 (2.4) | 30 (2.6) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) | 20 (3.0) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.99) | |||
| >2688 | 216 (2.2) | 28 (2.4) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.58) | 19 (2.8) | 1.14 (0.68, 1.91) | |||
| Metalaxyld | Never | 8425 (82.8) | 995 (82.2) | Ref | 0.14 | 573 (82.2) | Ref | 0.64 |
| >0–239 | 578 (5.7) | 73 (6.0) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 41 (5.9) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.44) | |||
| >239–1323 | 599 (5.9) | 69 (5.7) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.51) | 41 (5.9) | 1.06 (0.73, 1.53) | |||
| >1323 | 577 (5.7) | 73 (6.0) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) | 42 (6.0) | 1.11 (0.75, 1.64) | |||
| Herbicide | ||||||||
| Alachlor | Never | 7629 (44.9) | 794 (41.0) | Ref | 0.08 | 478 (41.7) | Ref | 0.19 |
| >0–788 | 3131 (18.4) | 358 (18.5) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 206 (18.0) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | |||
| >788–2958 | 3153 (18.6) | 391 (20.2) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.26) | 228 (19.9) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) | |||
| >2958 | 3070 (18.1) | 393 (20.3) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 235 (20.5) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) | |||
| Butylated | Never | 6975 (71.1) | 790 (67.8) | Ref | 0.17 | 462 (68.8) | Ref | 0.31 |
| >0–455 | 949 (9.7) | 126 (10.8) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.32) | 73 (10.9) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.41) | |||
| >455–1512 | 974 (9.9) | 117 (10.0) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) | 60 (8.9) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.15) | |||
| >1512 | 916 (9.3) | 133 (11.4) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.44) | 77 (11.5) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.53) | |||
| Chlorimuron ethyld | Never | 7021 (68.1) | 828 (67.3) | Ref | 0.58 | 485 (68.3) | Ref | 0.62 |
| >0–236 | 1130 (11.0) | 141 (11.5) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 80 (11.3) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) | |||
| >236–662 | 1076 (10.4) | 131 (10.7) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 69 (9.7) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.26) | |||
| >662 | 1089 (10.6) | 130 (10.6) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | 76 (10.7) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.40) | |||
| Dicamba | Never | 7694 (45.3) | 793 (41.0) | Ref | 0.68 | 493 (43.2) | Ref | 0.95 |
| >0–551 | 3080 (18.1) | 379 (19.6) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.33) | 214 (18.8) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | |||
| >551–2170 | 3166 (18.6) | 396 (20.5) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 229 (20.1) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) | |||
| >2170 | 3063 (18.0) | 366 (18.9) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 205 (18.0) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.26) | |||
| EPTC | Never | 13352 (78.9) | 1487 (77.3) | Ref | 0.38 | 889 (77.9) | Ref | 0.55 |
| >0–315 | 1212 (7.2) | 132 (6.9) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 77 (6.7) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.22) | |||
| >315–1176 | 1217 (7.2) | 160 (8.3) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 93 (8.2) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | |||
| >1176 | 1147 (6.8) | 144 (7.5) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 82 (7.2) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) | |||
| Glyphosate | Never | 4163 (23.0) | 381 (18.6) | Ref | 0.00 | 226 (18.7) | Ref | 0.02 |
| >0–672 | 4590 (25.4) | 573 (28) | 1.38 (1.21, 1.59) | 340 (28.1) | 1.39 (1.16, 1.65) | |||
| >672–2610 | 4748 (26.3) | 523 (25.6) | 1.22 (1.06, 1.41) | 302 (25.0) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.41) | |||
| >2610 | 4572 (25.3) | 567 (27.7) | 1.41 (1.22, 1.62) | 342 (28.3) | 1.40 (1.17, 1.68) | |||
| Imazethapyr | Never | 8934 (53.6) | 1000 (52.9) | Ref | 0.65 | 611 (54.8) | Ref | 0.86 |
| >0–338 | 2545 (15.3) | 310 (16.4) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 172 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | |||
| >338–992 | 2677 (16.1) | 287 (15.2) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) | 163 (14.6) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | |||
| >992 | 2519 (15.1) | 294 (15.5) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 168 (15.1) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.19) | |||
| Metolachlor | Never | 8916 (52.2) | 988 (50.6) | Ref | 0.05 | 586 (50.5) | Ref | 0.21 |
| >0–720 | 2704 (15.8) | 367 (18.8) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36) | 217 (18.7) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.47) | |||
| >720–2604 | 2756 (16.1) | 315 (16.1) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 191 (16.5) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | |||
| >2604 | 2693 (15.8) | 282 (14.4) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) | 166 (14.3) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | |||
| Paraquatd | Never | 8817 (85.4) | 1022 (83.2) | Ref | 0.11 | 589 (83.1) | Ref | 0.09 |
| >0–275 | 501 (4.9) | 68 (5.5) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.53) | 38 (5.4) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.61) | |||
| >275–1080 | 507 (4.9) | 72 (5.9) | 1.29 (0.98, 1.68) | 40 (5.6) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.76) | |||
| >1080 | 498 (4.8) | 66 (5.4) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) | 42 (5.9) | 1.38 (0.96, 1.97) | |||
| Pendimethalind | Never | 6521 (63.2) | 755 (61.3) | Ref | 0.55 | 440 (62.1) | Ref | 0.73 |
| >0–315 | 1282 (12.4) | 154 (12.5) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 92 (13.0) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) | |||
| >315–1176 | 1250 (12.1) | 180 (14.6) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.53) | 94 (13.3) | 1.18 (0.93, 1.49) | |||
| >1176 | 1264 (12.3) | 143 (11.6) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 82 (11.6) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | |||
| Petroleum distillatesd | Never | 8058 (78.7) | 911 (74.1) | Ref | 0.03 | 530 (74.6) | Ref | 0.05 |
| >0–502 | 733 (7.2) | 100 (8.1) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) | 55 (7.7) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.54) | |||
| >502–2438 | 734 (7.2) | 112 (9.1) | 1.34 (1.09, 1.67) | 63 (8.9) | 1.35 (1.02, 1.78) | |||
| >2438 | 717 (7.0) | 106 (8.6) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.58) | 62 (8.7) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.74) | |||
| Trifluralin | Never | 7297 (45.1) | 742 (40.5) | Ref | 0.11 | 453 (42.2) | Ref | 0.16 |
| >0–1020 | 2960 (18.3) | 331 (18.1) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 180 (16.8) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | |||
| >1020–3875 | 3030 (18.7) | 377 (20.6) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.28) | 216 (20.1) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | |||
| >3875 | 2897 (17.9) | 382 (20.9) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.32) | 225 (20.9) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.35) | |||
| 2,4-D | Never | 4001 (22.3) | 364 (17.9) | Ref | 0.05 | 225 (18.8) | Ref | 0.26 |
| >0–1302 | 4646 (25.9) | 516 (25.4) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.31) | 312 (26.0) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.39) | |||
| >1302–5208 | 4858 (27.0) | 548 (27.0) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 309 (25.8) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | |||
| >5208 | 4459 (24.8) | 600 (29.6) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.39) | 354 (29.5) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | |||
| 2,4,5-Td | Never | 7999 (82.2) | 828 (71.6) | Ref | 0.05 | 472 (70.9) | Ref | 0.23 |
| >0–280 | 568 (5.8) | 116 (10.0) | 1.64 (1.32, 2.05) | 74 (11.1) | 1.82 (1.38, 2.38) | |||
| >280–971 | 586 (6.0) | 117 (10.1) | 1.65 (1.32, 2.07) | 65 (9.8) | 1.56 (1.17, 2.08) | |||
| >971 | 579 (5.9) | 95 (8.2) | 1.33 (1.05, 1.70) | 55 (8.3) | 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | |||
| 2,4,5-TPd | Never | 9291 (95.3) | 1071 (92.5) | Ref | 0.25 | 621 (93.1) | Ref | 0.72 |
| >0–315 | 159 (1.6) | 26 (2.2) | 1.16 (0.75, 1.79) | 15 (2.2) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.94) | |||
| >315–1250 | 148 (1.5) | 35 (3.0) | 1.66 (1.13, 2.44) | 20 (3.0) | 1.62 (0.99, 2.64) | |||
| >1250 | 148 (1.5) | 26 (2.2) | 1.20 (0.78, 1.85) | 11 (1.6) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.54) | |||
| Atrazine | Never | 4859 (26.9) | 473 (23.2) | Ref | 0.50 | 286 (23.7) | Ref | 0.55 |
| >0–1054 | 4386 (24.2) | 509 (25.0) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.29) | 300 (24.9) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | |||
| >1054–4340 | 4530 (25.0) | 523 (25.7) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 302 (25.0) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | |||
| >4340 | 4318 (23.9) | 531 (26.1) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 318 (26.4) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | |||
| Cyanazine | Never | 9485 (55.6) | 1007 (51.7) | Ref | 0.33 | 594 (51.6) | Ref | 0.56 |
| >0–539 | 2503 (14.7) | 321 (16.5) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 189 (16.4) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.43) | |||
| >539–2200 | 2592 (15.2) | 301 (15.5) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.15) | 190 (16.5) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.36) | |||
| >2200 | 2490 (14.6) | 318 (16.3) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 178 (15.5) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) | |||
| Metribuzind | Never | 5550 (58.3) | 605 (53.6) | Ref | 0.02 | 359 (55.1) | Ref | 0.37 |
| >0–315 | 1323 (13.9) | 156 (13.8) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 100 (15.4) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.46) | |||
| >315–1000 | 1361 (14.3) | 176 (15.6) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.34) | 93 (14.3) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.35) | |||
| >1000 | 1286 (13.5) | 191 (16.9) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.50) | 99 (15.2) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | |||
Abbreviation: 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T,P, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid; CI, Confidence Intervals; CCl4/CS2, Carbon tetrachloride/Carbon disulfide 80/20 mix; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; OI, Olfactory Impairment; OR, Odds Ratio
a
Exposure categories: Never use and categorized into tertiles among users
b
All olfactory impairment cases
c
Olfactory impairment with onset reported ≤ 10 years before the third follow-up
d
Odds ratios are adjusted for age, sex, state of residence, education, smoking status, ever performed following tasks at least once each year (repair engines, replace asbestos brake linings, handle stored grain, work in swine confinement areas, weld and paint), and correlated pesticides (correlated ever-use of pesticides with Spearman correlation ≥ 0.40)
e
Frequency and duration of pesticide was asked only in the take-home questionnaire