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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2020 Oct 23;68:23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.09.009

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The evolutionary arms race between bacteria and phage drives a rapid evolutionary pace (A). The resulting phage scaffolds were presumably selected for tolerance to mutations. A correlated trait is tolerance to other chemical modifications, such as those used in molecular engineering (B).