Table 4.

Association of genetic variants in glutathione-related genes with kidney function biomarkers.

Gene	SNP	Biomarker	Total sample N = 272			Exposure N = 155			Non-exposure N = 117
			β	P valuea	P valueb	β	P valuea	P valueb	β	P valuea	P valueb
GCLC	rs1555903	eGFR	− 2.19	0.004	0.001	− 1.32	0.17	0.16	− 3.22	0.008	0.004
		Albumin	− 48.18	0.15	0.12	− 68.59	0.25	0.10	− 21.71	0.06	0.04
		β-2MCG	− 11.78	0.034	0.021	− 19.32	0.02	0.02	− 2.24	0.75	0.63
GCLM	rs41303970	eGFR	− 1.54	0.085	0.07	− 0.73	0.49	0.39	− 3.15	0.05	0.07
		Albumin	− 52.49	0.18	0.11	− 71.46	0.28	0.17	− 21.42	0.15	0.09
		β-2MCG	2.78	0.67	0.96	2.94	0.74	1.0	2.85	0.75	1.0
GSS	rs3761144	eGFR	− 0.03	0.97	1.0	− 0.26	0.76	0.94	0.28	0.82	0.82
		Albumin	55.39	0.08	0.05	81.47	0.13	0.07	15.65	0.18	0.54
		β-2MCG	− 3.41	0.51	0.58	− 1.77	0.81	1.0	− 4.41	0.54	1.0
GSTA1	rs3957356	eGFR	0.95	0.23	0.12	0.54	0.58	0.60	1.78	0.21	0.19
		Albumin	66.02	0.07	0.05	103.89	0.08	0.14	− 9.64	0.49	0.57
		β-2MCG	6.57	0.26	0.21	7.89	0.33	0.14	0.51	0.95	0.96
GSTP1	rs4147581	eGFR	0.32	0.77	0.66	0.72	0.48	0.96	− 0.12	0.92	0.91
		Albumin	− 36.53	0.29	1.0	− 64.89	0.31	0.68	− 7.33	0.54	0.62
		β-2MCG	− 1.82	0.74	1.0	− 11.26	0.19	0.09	8.53	0.24	0.61

Statistically significant association are shown in bold (P value < 0.05).

Each SNP was examined using multivariable linear regression models assuming additive model of inheritance adjusted by age, sex, blood-Hg levels (µg Hg/L), urine-Hg levels (µg Hg/g creatinine), hair-Hg levels (µg Hg/g hair), and duration of exposure (years). Having lower eGFR levels, higher albumin levels or higher β-2MCG levels are indicative of kidney injury.

^aP value from a generalized linear model.

^bEmpirical P value determined based on 5000 permutations from a generalized linear model.