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. 2021 Apr 22;6:63. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00325-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Comparison of the traditional drug and vaccine development timeline adapted from Heaton⁴ (a) with an idealized vaccine development timeline targeting World Health Organization Emergency Use Listing submission based on nOPV2 and COVID-19 experiences (b). Symbols are used to indicate key stages in the vaccine development process; orange-red shading for clinical and blue shading for CMC activities.