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. 2021 Apr 9;12:648554. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648554

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Copyright © 2021 Versey, da Cruz Nizer, Russell, Zigic, DeZeeuw, Marek, Overhage and Cassol

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Contribution of innate immune cells and inflammation to timely and delayed wound healing. (A) Representation of the four phases of wound healing ([1] Hemostasis, [2] Inflammation, [3] Proliferation and [4] Tissue Remodeling). (B) Chronic wounds are stalled in the inflammatory stage. We hypothesize that this inflammation is sustained by chronic activation of the innate immune system, which is driven their interactions and responses to polymicrobial biofilms found in and on the wound bed. DAMPs, damage-associate molecular patterns; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; TIMPs, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Created with BioRender.com.