Table 2.
Unadjusted and multivariable linear regression analyses estimating associations of selected maternal characteristics and total Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores among pregnant women in the New York University Children's Health and Environment Study.
| Characteristic | Unadjusteda | Adjustedb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | ß | 95% CI | p | ß | 95% CI | p | |
| Maternal age (years) | 1,325 | ||||||
| <25 | 161 (12) | −4.39 | −5.94, −2.84 | <0.0001 | −5.63 | −7.45, −3.81 | <0.0001 |
| 25 to <30 | 274 (21) | −2.22 | −3.53, −0.91 | 0.001 | −3.20 | −4.59, −1.80 | <0.0001 |
| 30 to <35 | 513 (39) | 0.05 | −1.07, 1.16 | 0.94 | −0.68 | −1.80, 0.45 | 0.24 |
| 35 or older | 377 (28) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Race/Ethnicity | 1,323 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 498 (38) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 65 (5) | −0.82 | −3.03, 1.38 | 0.46 | 1.40 | −0.87, 3.67 | 0.23 |
| Hispanic | 591 (45) | −0.48 | −1.50, 0.54 | 0.35 | 1.65 | 0.21, 3.10 | 0.03 |
| Asian | 126 (10) | −0.84 | −2.50, 0.83 | 0.33 | −0.73 | −2.38, 0.91 | 0.38 |
| Other | 43 (3) | −1.77 | −4.43, 0.88 | 0.19 | −0.36 | −2.93, 2.22 | 0.79 |
| Highest attained education | 1,313 | ||||||
| High school or less | 351 (27) | −0.63 | −1.84, 0.58 | 0.31 | 0.48 | −1.42, 2.39 | 0.62 |
| Some college | 160 (12) | −1.04 | −2.59, 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.96 | −0.94, 2.85 | 0.32 |
| College graduate | 386 (29) | −0.58 | −1.76, 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.04 | −1.17, 1.24 | 0.95 |
| Graduate or professional | 416 (32) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Household income | 1,016 | ||||||
| < $30,000 | 203 (20) | −0.54 | −1.70, 0.62 | 0.36 | 1.92 | −0.41, 4.25 | 0.11 |
| $30,000–99,999 | 252 (25) | −0.62 | −1.83, 0.58 | 0.31 | 1.02 | −0.53, 2.57 | 0.20 |
| ≥$100,000 | 561 (55) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Parity | 1,325 | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 695 (52) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Parous | 630 (48) | −0.58 | −1.49, 0.34 | 0.22 | −1.55 | −2.58, −0.52 | 0.003 |
| Marital status | 1,325 | ||||||
| Married/Living with partner | 1,186 (90) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Single | 139 (10) | −3.44 | −4.93, −1.95 | <0.0001 | −3.08 | −4.64, −1.53 | <0.0001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 1,315 | ||||||
| Normal weight | 662 (50) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Overweight | 377 (29) | 0.54 | −1.62, 0.53 | 0.32 | −0.64 | −1.72, 0.44 | 0.25 |
| Obese | 276 (21) | −1.69 | −2.88, −0.50 | 0.006 | −1.42 | −2.68, −0.16 | 0.03 |
| Insurance type | 1,316 | ||||||
| Public | 635 (48) | −0.45 | −1.37, 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.67 | −0.82, 2.16 | 0.38 |
| Private | 681 (52) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever smoked | 1,325 | ||||||
| No | 1,204 (91) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 121 (9) | −3.88 | −5.46, −2.30 | <0.0001 | −2.39 | −3.98, −0.80 | 0.003 |
| Currently employed | 1,319 | ||||||
| No | 416 (32) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 903 (68) | −0.27 | −1.26, 0.72 | 0.59 | −0.45 | −1.59, 0.68 | 0.44 |
| Pre-existing diabetes | 1,151 | ||||||
| No | 1,111 (97) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 40 (3) | −1.05 | −3.76, 1.65 | 0.44 | −1.21 | −3.77, 1.36 | 0.36 |
| Pre-existing hypertension | 1,151 | ||||||
| No | 1,103 (96) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 48 (4) | −4.03 | −6.69, −1.37 | 0.003 | −3.33 | −5.98, −0.69 | 0.01 |
| Alcohol use | 1,325 | ||||||
| Never | 399 (30) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Used, stopped during pregnancy | 704 (53) | −0.39 | −1.44, 0.66 | 0.46 | −0.31 | −1.49, 0.86 | 0.60 |
| Used during pregnancy | 222 (17) | −0.71 | −2.11, 0.69 | 0.32 | −0.64 | −2.16, 0.87 | 0.41 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1,304 | ||||||
| None | 726 (56) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Mild | 421 (32) | −0.88 | −1.90, 0.14 | 0.09 | −0.59 | −1.58, 0.40 | 0.24 |
| Moderate to severe | 157 (12) | −3.02 | −4.49, −1.56 | <0.0001 | −1.89 | −3.34, −0.43 | 0.01 |
| Met physical activity guidelines | 1,325 | ||||||
| No | 1,181 (89) | −2.10 | −3.57, −0.63 | 0.005 | −2.10 | −3.55, −0.64 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 144 (11) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Average sleep duration (during 3 months before pregnancy) | 1,153 | ||||||
| <7 h | 122 (9) | −1.83 | −3.51, −0.15 | 0.03 | −1.33 | −3.04, 0.38 | 0.13 |
| 7 to <9 h | 731 (55) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| ≥9 h | 300 (23) | −1.24 | −2.36, −0.12 | 0.03 | −0.81 | −2.00, 0.38 | 0.18 |
| Sleep quality (during 3 months before pregnancy) | 1,146 | ||||||
| Very good | 480 (42) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Fairly good | 551 (48) | −1.02 | −2.06, 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.72 | −1.73, 0.29 | 0.16 |
| Fairly/Very bad | 115 (10) | −2.24 | −3.96, −0.53 | 0.01 | −1.10 | −2.85, 0.65 | 0.22 |
| Low social support | 1,099 | ||||||
| No | 1,002 (91) | −0.68 | −2.51, 1.16 | 0.47 | −0.56 | −2.41, 1.28 | 0.55 |
| Yes | 97 (9) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Vitamin use before pregnancy | 1,322 | ||||||
| No | 647 (49) | −2.39 | −3.30, −1.48 | <0.0001 | −1.72 | −2.75, −0.69 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 675 (51) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Vitamin use during pregnancy | 1,322 | ||||||
| No | 176 (13) | −1.16 | −2.51, 0.19 | 0.09 | −0.65 | −2.07, 0.77 | 0.36 |
| Yes | 1,146 (87) | Reference | Reference | ||||
CI, Confidence interval; BMI, Body mass index
a
Uses data from 20 imputed data sets.
b
Adjusted model includes all maternal characteristics listed in the table.