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. 2021 Apr 9;12:659597. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659597

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

Sodium butyrate (NaB) restores the interleukin (IL)-1β-induced blockade of autophagy and autophagic flux in chondrocytes. Untreated (DMEM-F12, 10% FBS) chondrocytes were compared with chondrocytes treated with IL-1β alone, NaB combined with IL-1β, or IL-1β, NaB, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 10 mM) for 24 h. Protein samples from each intervention group were collected. (A,B) The protein expression levels of LC3, Beclin-1, and p62 were detected by western blotting. The immunofluorescent detection of LC3-II (C) and p62 (D) in chondrocytes (E) Quantitative analysis of LC3-II and p62 fluorescent intensity (the green signal represents LC3-II, the red signal represents p62, scale bar: 100 µm). (F) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showing autophagic changes in chondrocytes; white arrow: autophagolysosome and autophagosome; scale bar, 500 nm. The data are presented as the mean ± S.D. Significant differences between the different groups were determined by one-way ANOVA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; n = 3.