Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the study participants.
| Normal-weight healthy controls (HC) (N = 55) | Obese and overweight children (N = 126) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-abdominal obesity (non-AO group) (N = 37) | Abdominal obesity (AO group) (N = 89) | ||
| Basic and anthropometric data | |||
| Age (y) | 15.67 ± 2.10 | 15.49 ± 1.80 | 14.44 ± 2.67 |
| Gender, male (%) | 31 (56.3) | 23 (62.1) | 41 (46.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.23 ± 1.75 | 26.58 ± 3.22* | 27.33 ± 3.67* |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.80 ± 11.88 | 126.59 ± 12.04* | 127.79 ± 10.49* |
| Diastolic BP(mmHg) | 70.35 ± 8.92 | 76.49 ± 10.14* | 80.93 ± 8.06*# |
| Waist-hip ratio (WHR) | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.06* | 0.93 ± 0.06*# |
| Waist-height ratio (WHtR) | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.03* | 0.58 ± 0.06*# |
| Data from bioelectrical impedance analysis | |||
| Body fat (%) | 19.70 ± 7.64 | 32.04 ± 8.29* | 38.80 ± 6.17*# |
| Trunk fat (%) | 18.50 ± 8.79 | 33.44 ± 7.87* | 39.31 ± 5.86*# |
| Total body fat (kg) | 10.56 ± 5.41 | 23.75 ± 6.62* | 25.77 ± 7.52* |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 41.08 ± 8.33 | 49.18 ± 10.63* | 40.62 ± 10.56# |
| Total body water (kg) | 30.14 ± 6.13 | 35.98 ± 7.76* | 29.75 ± 7.70# |
| Total body muscle (kg) | 22.43 ± 5.06 | 27.37 ± 6.47* | 22.12 ± 6.33# |
| Biochemistry data | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 88.67 ± 5.22 | 90.04 ± 6.60 | 92.38 ± 25.45 |
| Insulin (μlU/ml) | 5.63 ± 8.23 | 11.12 ± 11.06* | 17.34 ± 10.86*# |
| HOMA-IR | 1.28 ± 0.72 | 2.37 ± 2.62* | 4.68 ± 3.65*# |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 77.33 ± 71.13 | 105.16 ± 64.75* | 113.04 ± 59.08* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 168.56 ± 34.97 | 172.50 ± 29.12 | 173.76 ± 30.77 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.82 ± 14.66 | 47.56 ± 9.86 | 43.06 ± 8.65# |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 93.11 ± 31.25 | 103.98 ± 29.43 | 108.15± 29.55* |
| CMR scores (Z) | −2.22 ± 2.61 | 0.45 ± 2.02* | 1.61 ± 2.07*# |
WHtR ≥ 0.5 was defined as abdominal obesity (AO). P-value based on ANOVA test with multiple comparison analysis.
*
Indicates significant differences (P-values < 0.05) between the non-AO (or AO group) and HC group;
#
indicates significant differences (P-values < 0.05) between the AO and non-AO group in obesity/or overweight children.