Table 1. Factors associated with reduced antiretroviral therapy uptake among youth linked to HIV care in the United States.

Patient-level barriers

Advanced disease

Asymptomatic infection

Substance use

Frustration/dissatisfaction with the health system

Fear or stigma

Concomitant psychiatric disorders

Socioeconomic barriers

Limited health insurance

Insufficient youth-friendly services

Structured racism

Lack of social support

Housing insecurity

Transportation challenges

Medication related barriers

Complex therapy regimen

Anticipated or experienced side effects

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.