Table 1. Pregnancy Complications, Perinatal Events, and Neonatal Morbidities Among Women With and Without COVID-19 Diagnosis and Their Newborns.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women with COVID-19 diagnosis (n = 706) | Women without COVID-19 diagnosis (n = 1424) | ||
| Maternal morbidity and mortality indexa | 225 (31.9) | 296 (20.8) | 1.54 (1.33 to 1.78)b |
| Vaginal bleeding | 44 (6.2) | 87 (6.1) | 1.02 (0.72 to 1.46) |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 58 (8.2) | 80 (5.6) | 1.46 (1.05 to 2.02) |
| Preeclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP | 59 (8.4) | 63 (4.4) | 1.76 (1.27 to 2.43)b |
| Hemoglobin level <10 g/dL at >27 wk gestation | 130 (18.4) | 228 (16.0) | 1.15 (0.91 to 1.45) |
| Preterm labor | 52 (7.4) | 88 (6.2) | 1.20 (0.86 to 1.68) |
| Infections requiring antibiotics | 25 (3.6) | 16 (1.1) | 3.38 (1.63 to 7.01) |
| Admitted to ICU | 59 (8.4) | 23 (1.6) | 5.04 (3.13 to 8.10) |
| Time in ICU, mean (SD), d | 7.3 (7.8) | 2.0 (1.7) | 3.73 (2.37 to 5.86)c |
| Referred for higher dependency care | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | 6.07 (1.23 to 30.01) |
| Maternal death | 11 (1.6) | 1 (0.1) | 22.26 (2.88 to 172.11) |
| Fetal distress | 87 (12.3) | 120 (8.4) | 1.70 (1.06 to 2.75)b |
| Spontaneous initiation of labor | 333 (47.2) | 793 (55.7) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93) |
| Induced labor | 157 (22.3) | 320 (22.5) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.18) |
| Cesarean delivery | 346 (49.0) | 547 (38.4) | 1.28 (1.16 to 1.40)b |
| Prelabor rupture of membranes | 114 (16.1) | 262 (18.4) | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) |
| Gestational age at birth, mean (SD), wk | 37.9 (3.3) | 38.5 (3.1) | −0.61 (−0.90 to −0.32)d |
| Preterm birth (<37 wk gestation) | 159 (22.5) | 194 (13.6) | 1.59 (1.30 to 1.94)e |
| Spontaneous preterm birth | 27 (3.8) | 66 (4.6) | 0.81 (0.52 to 1.27) |
| Medically indicated preterm birth | 133 (18.8) | 127 (8.9) | 1.97 (1.56 to 2.51)e |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), kg | 2.96 (0.70) | 3.07 (0.68) | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.04)d |
| Male | 353 (50.0) | 749 (52.6) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) |
| Female | 353 (50.0) | 675 (47.6) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.16) |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 145 (20.5) | 181 (12.7) | 1.58 (1.29 to 1.94)b |
| Small for gestational age (<10th centile)f | 97 (13.7) | 181 (12.7) | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.31) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding at discharge | 378 (53.5) | 953 (66.9) | 0.80 (0.74 to 0.87) |
| Any breastfeeding at discharge | 588 (83.3) | 1290 (90.6) | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96) |
| SNMIg | 44 (6.2) | 33 (2.3) | 2.66 (1.69 to 4.18)b |
| Severe perinatal morbidity and mortality indexh | 120 (17.0) | 113 (7.9) | 2.14 (1.66 to 2.75)b |
Abbreviations: HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count; ICU, intensive care unit; SNMI, severe neonatal morbidity index.
SI conversion factors: To convert hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10.
Maternal morbidity and mortality index includes at least 1 of the following complications during pregnancy: vaginal bleeding, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP, preterm labor, infections requiring antibiotics or maternal death, admission to ICU, or referral for higher dependency care.
Models adjusted for country, month entering study, maternal age, and history of maternal morbidity (including diabetes, thyroid and other endocrine disorders, cardiac disease, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, kidney disease, malaria, or tuberculosis).
Incidence rate ratio and 95% CI are reported.
β and 95% CI are reported.
Models for preterm birth adjusted for history of preterm birth, country, month entering study, maternal age, and history of maternal morbidity (including diabetes, thyroid and other endocrine disorders, cardiac disease, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, kidney disease, malaria, or tuberculosis).
Against the international INTERGROWTH-21st Newborn Size Standards.22
SNMI includes at least 1 of the following morbidities: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, sepsis, anemia requiring transfusion, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, or retinopathy of prematurity.
Severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index includes any of the morbidities listed in the SNMI or intrauterine or neonatal death or neonatal ICU stay ≥7 days.