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. 2021 Jan 27;106(5):e2106–e2115. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa962

Table 1.

Demographic and Clustering Characteristics According to Diabetes Subgroup

Demographic characteristic Older onset Severe hyperglycemia Severe obesity Younger onset Insulin use
N (% total sample) 554 (43%) 340 (26%) 259 (20%) 19 (1%) 121 (9%)
Women, n (%) 269 (49%) 135 (40%) 123 (47%) 11 (58%) 62 (51%)
South Asian, n (%) 62 (17%) 82 (25%) 52 (21%) 5 (2%) 16 (13%)
Non-Hispanic white, n (%) 134 (38%) 26 (8%) 56 (23%) 6 (3%) 18 (14%)
Chinese, n (%) 84 (24%) 27 (8%) 11 (4%) 0 (0%) 3 (2%)
African American, n (%) 155 (44%) 104 (32%) 76 (31%) 4 (2%) 48 (38%)
Hispanic, n (%) 119 (34%) 101 (31%) 64 (26%) 4 (2%) 36 (29%)
Examination age, years (SD) 69.5 (8.2) 60.1 (8.6) 60.1 (8.6) 55.2 (9.7) 65.0 (9.9)
Diabetes duration, years (%) 2.7 (4.2) 7.6 (7.5) 3.0 (4.5) 31.3 (13.3) 15.5 (8.4)
Any diabetes medication use, n (%) 267 (48%) 250 (74%) 124 (48%) 19 (100%) 121 (100%)
Cholesterol medication use, n (%) 189 (34%) 111 (33%) 68 (26%) 10 (53%) 53 (44%)
Blood pressure medication use, n (%) 331 (60%) 185 (54%) 165 (64%) 14 (74%) 94 (78%)
Graduate degree education, n (%) 100 (18%) 71 (21%) 49 (19%) 6 (32%) 15 (12%)
Never smoker, n (%) 304 (55%) 186 (55%) 140 (54%) 8 (42%) 62 (51%)
No regular alcohol consumption, n (%) 413 (75%) 248 (73%) 186 (72%) 13 (68%) 96 (79%)
Moderate and vigorous physical activity, MET min/week 1444 (3379) 3259 (4971) 2954 (5675) 4095 (6254) 1604 (3397)
Clustering characteristics
Age at diabetes, years (SD) 66.8 (8.3) 52.5 (8.8) 57.1 (8.7) 23.8 (7.7) 49.5 (9.6)
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 27.8 (4.6) 28.9 (5.1) 35.4 (6.2) 30.3 (5.3) 31.9 (6.2)
HbA1c, mmol (SD) 46.7 (8.3) 67.6 (19.9) 50.3 (10.8) 60.8 (17.7) 61.9 (18)
HbA1c, % (SD) 6.4 (0.8) 8.3 (1.8) 6.8 (1) 7.7 (1.6) 7.8 (1.6)
HOMA-β, % (median, IQR) a 69 (47, 100) 38 (24, 57) 129 (95, 183) NA NA
HOMA-IR, ratio (median, IQR) a 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) 3.6 (2.5, 5.3) 5.8 (4.0, 8.4) NA NA

Values are means (SD), medians (interquartile range, IQR), or counts (column percentage, %), with the exception of N (% total sample)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment for beta cell function; MET, metabolic equivalent; NA, not applicable

a HOMA measures are NA because all participants report insulin medication use