Table 1.
Demographic and Clustering Characteristics According to Diabetes Subgroup
| Demographic characteristic | Older onset | Severe hyperglycemia | Severe obesity | Younger onset | Insulin use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% total sample) | 554 (43%) | 340 (26%) | 259 (20%) | 19 (1%) | 121 (9%) |
| Women, n (%) | 269 (49%) | 135 (40%) | 123 (47%) | 11 (58%) | 62 (51%) |
| South Asian, n (%) | 62 (17%) | 82 (25%) | 52 (21%) | 5 (2%) | 16 (13%) |
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 134 (38%) | 26 (8%) | 56 (23%) | 6 (3%) | 18 (14%) |
| Chinese, n (%) | 84 (24%) | 27 (8%) | 11 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) |
| African American, n (%) | 155 (44%) | 104 (32%) | 76 (31%) | 4 (2%) | 48 (38%) |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 119 (34%) | 101 (31%) | 64 (26%) | 4 (2%) | 36 (29%) |
| Examination age, years (SD) | 69.5 (8.2) | 60.1 (8.6) | 60.1 (8.6) | 55.2 (9.7) | 65.0 (9.9) |
| Diabetes duration, years (%) | 2.7 (4.2) | 7.6 (7.5) | 3.0 (4.5) | 31.3 (13.3) | 15.5 (8.4) |
| Any diabetes medication use, n (%) | 267 (48%) | 250 (74%) | 124 (48%) | 19 (100%) | 121 (100%) |
| Cholesterol medication use, n (%) | 189 (34%) | 111 (33%) | 68 (26%) | 10 (53%) | 53 (44%) |
| Blood pressure medication use, n (%) | 331 (60%) | 185 (54%) | 165 (64%) | 14 (74%) | 94 (78%) |
| Graduate degree education, n (%) | 100 (18%) | 71 (21%) | 49 (19%) | 6 (32%) | 15 (12%) |
| Never smoker, n (%) | 304 (55%) | 186 (55%) | 140 (54%) | 8 (42%) | 62 (51%) |
| No regular alcohol consumption, n (%) | 413 (75%) | 248 (73%) | 186 (72%) | 13 (68%) | 96 (79%) |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity, MET min/week | 1444 (3379) | 3259 (4971) | 2954 (5675) | 4095 (6254) | 1604 (3397) |
| Clustering characteristics | |||||
| Age at diabetes, years (SD) | 66.8 (8.3) | 52.5 (8.8) | 57.1 (8.7) | 23.8 (7.7) | 49.5 (9.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 27.8 (4.6) | 28.9 (5.1) | 35.4 (6.2) | 30.3 (5.3) | 31.9 (6.2) |
| HbA1c, mmol (SD) | 46.7 (8.3) | 67.6 (19.9) | 50.3 (10.8) | 60.8 (17.7) | 61.9 (18) |
| HbA1c, % (SD) | 6.4 (0.8) | 8.3 (1.8) | 6.8 (1) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.6) |
| HOMA-β, % (median, IQR) a | 69 (47, 100) | 38 (24, 57) | 129 (95, 183) | NA | NA |
| HOMA-IR, ratio (median, IQR) a | 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) | 3.6 (2.5, 5.3) | 5.8 (4.0, 8.4) | NA | NA |
Values are means (SD), medians (interquartile range, IQR), or counts (column percentage, %), with the exception of N (% total sample)
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment for beta cell function; MET, metabolic equivalent; NA, not applicable
a HOMA measures are NA because all participants report insulin medication use