Table 1.

Summary of the contents (wt %) of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in common plant feedstocks

Biomass	Cellulose	Hemicellulose	Lignin	Refs.	Biomass	Cellulose	Hemicellulose	Lignin	Refs.
Crop residues					Hardwood
Rice straw	36.2–47	16–35	5.6–36.1	[181, 257, 258]	Hardwood stems	40–55	24–40	18–25	[14]
Rice husk	32.7–41.52	14.04–29.3	18.1–33.67	[258–261]	Poplar	42–49	16–23	21–29	[181]
Wheat straw	30–43.4	19.45–45.2	7.5–22.2	[258, 262–264]	Willow	36–39	21–22	19–20	[181]
Sorghum bagasse	27.3–45	13.1–36	14.3–25	[264, 265]	Eucalyptus	34.2–51.1	8.9–30.2	21.4–39.2	[266]
Sorghum straw	26.93	32.57	10.16	[264]	Oak	33.9–43.2	21.9–25.9	27.8–35.4	[264, 267]
Sugarcane bagasse	38.01–45	17.1–33.27	4.01–33.56	[143, 144, 258, 261]
Corn stover	32–45	15.49–35	7–22.74	[14, 116, 262]
Corn cob	39.3–52.49	23.7–35	12.5–19.6	[181, 261, 263]	Softwood
Corn straw	51.53	30.88	17.59	[258, 263]	Softwood stems	45–50	25–35	25–35	[14]
Corn stalk	36.89	29.33	13.93	[261]	Beech	45.05–51.3	28–31.86	19.6–22.25	[261, 263, 268]
Tobacco residue	42.3–44.32	28.89–41.54	15.01–26.79	[263, 267]	Japanese larch	58.6	13.0	20.1	[269]
Barley straw	35.4	28.7	13.1	[264]	Pine	34–45.6	20.1–34.6	26–34.4	[181, 264]
Wastes of fruit processing industries					Spruce	24.7–47.11	10.2–21.31	31.58–35	[263, 264]
Banana peel	52.30	9.90	11.2	[267]
Olive leaves	12.72–15.38	7.47–9.16	15.15–17.8	[270]
Olive stone	30.10	17.10	32.6	[267]	Grasses
Extracted olive pomace	40.00	22	19	[264]	Miscanthus	40–53	18–26.2	20–26.5	[14, 181, 271]
Acai seed	53.20	12.30	22.3	[17]	Switchgrass	39.5–45	20.3–31.5	12–20	[14, 181]
Cocoa shell	13.20	10.80	13.2	[267]	Bamboo	37–46.5	16.6–18.8	25.7–39.2	[264, 272]
Peanut shell	24.70	39.40	33.5	[267]	Agave bagasse	38.4–47.3	12.8–23.5	10.1–15	[273–275]
Walnut shell	40.10	20.70	18.2	[267]	Agave leaf	46–79.8	15.7–30	4.9–11	[275]