Table 2.
Some in vitro toxicity studies involving AuNPs.
| Organism | Particle | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT29) | AuNPs | Significant reduction in viability of cells. However, no gnotoxic effects | [115] |
| HepG2 cells | AuNPs | Indicated tails moment similar to those from positive control in which cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide | [82] |
| HepG2 cells | AuNPs | AuNPs do not change the concentration of inflammatory markers when compared to the control | [82] |
| MG63 cells | AuNPs | Low long term toxicity | [116] |
| BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells | Coated and uncoated spherical AuNPs | DNA damage results via indirect oxidative stress | Guglielmo et al., 2012 |
| Epithelial cells of airways | AuNPs | Elevation of lipid peoxidase as well as DNA damage and cytotoxicity | [117] |
| L5178Y cells | AuNPs | No damage to the DNA at 60 nm but there was damage at 100 nm | [118] |
| MRC-5 cells | AuNPs capped with GNPC and GNPB | Slight hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic | [119] |
| MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts | AuNPs | High lipid peroxidation, upregulation of antioxidants, expressions of protein and gene of stress response | [[111], [112], [113]] |
| Rat liver | AuNPs | Yield a great lipid peroxidation | [120] |
| Human leukemia (HL-60) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines | AuNPs | Cytotoxicity effects associated with reduction of GSH and increase in ROS | [121] |
| 3T3 cells | Plain and GSH-capped AuNPs | Produce more reactive oxygen species than plain AuNPs | [122] |
| HeLa and U937 cells | Citrate-capped AuNPs | Cytotoxic | [123,124] |
| HepG2 and PBMC cells | AuNPs capped with either sodium citrate or polyamidoamine dendrimers | In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects at low concentrations | [125] |
| Balb/3T3 cells | AuNPs uncoated and coated with hyaluronic acid | Oxidative stress was reflected in DNA damage but with reduced cytotoxicity | [126] |
| C17.2 and PC12 cells | AuNPs | Caused oxidative stress by cell viability and deformations of actin and tubulin | [127] |
| Balb/3T3 cells | Citrate-stabilized AuNPs | Cytotoxicity by disruption of actin cytoskeleton | [25] |
| MRC-5 cells | AuNPs | Autophagy and oxidative stress | [[111], [112], [113]] |
| Human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT | AuNPs | Cell death by apoptosis and necrosis | [128] |
| Vero, MRC-5, and NIH/3T3 cells | AuNPs | Reduction in growth and was related with apoptosis and autophagy | [129] |
| Granulose cells of the ovary | AuNPs | Induced an elevation in estrogen accumulation | Stelzer et al. [130] |
| Human spermatozoa | AuNPs | Affects viability and motility | [131] |
| A549 cells | AuNPs coated with serum proteins | Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways reflected in cell damage | [132] |
| Human fetal lung fibroblasts | AuNPs | Destabilized the expression of 19 genes in the cells | [117] |
| A549 cells | AuNPs | Assumed circular shape because of the induced stress | [133] |
| Hman liver cell lines (HL7702 cells) | AuNPs | Early decrease in cytosolic GSH, depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and subsequently apoptosis | [134] |
| MG63 osteoblast-like cells | AuNPs | Cell death | [116] |
| A549 cells | AuNPs | Cytotoxicity by substantial changes in nuclear morphology and nuclear condensation | [133] |
| Polymer-modified AuNPs | Hemocompatibility with human RBCs | [135,136] | |
| A549 cells | AuNPs | An inflammatory response | [137] |
| AGS, A549, NIH3T3, PK-15, and Vero cells | AuNPs | Suppression of growth of cells in a dose-dependent manner by delay of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis | [138] |
| Vero cells | AuNPs | Reduction in cell growth and related to apoptosis | [129] |
| NIH3T3 cells | AuNPs | Autophagy | [129] |
| MRC-5 cells | AuNPs | DNA damage | [129] |
| Breast cells (MDA-MB-231) | AuNPs | Reduction in proliferation | [139] |
| Human cell lines | AuNRs coated with methoxypolyethylene glycol thiol | Alterations in viability of cells with the exception of thyroid papillary carcinoma cells | [137] |
| Human cells | AuNPs | Little or no immunotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects | [140] |
| CHO, BEAS-2B and HEK293 cells | Citrate-stabilized AuNPs | Exert higher toxicity | [141] |
| Hela cells | AuNPs | No indication of cytotoxicity | [142] |
| A549 and Vero cells | AuNPs conjugate | No toxicity | [143] |
| Caco-2 cells | AuNPs | Did not produce acute cytotoxicity | [144] |
| Vero cells | Porphyran-reduced AuNPs | No toxicological effects | [110] |
| Tumor ascites and normal peritoneal cells | Functionalized AuNPs | No morphological changes and cell death | [145] |
| HeLa cells | Silica-coated AuNRs and glucose-capped AuNPs | No toxicity effects | [146,147] |
| HEK293 cells | Phosphine-stabilized and thiol-stabilized AuNPs | Modified the gene expression and had no toxicity | [148] |
| Human carcinoma lung cell | Citrate-capped AuNPs | Induce toxicity | [133] |
| Human liver carcinoma cell | Citrate-capped AuNPs | No toxicity effects | [133] |