Table 1.
Study characteristics, design, outcome, kidney disease and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) described in individual study
| Study | Country | Sample size (N) | Mean/median age (years) | Males n (%) | Study design | Outcomes | Kidney disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang et al. [12] | China | 41 | 49 | 30 (73) | Prospective single center | ICU versus Non-ICU |
AKI CRRT |
| Guan et al. [13] | China | 1099 | 47 | 637 (58) | Retrospective multi-center | Severe versus non-severe* |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Wang et al. [14] | China | 138 | 56 | 75 (54) | Retrospective single center | ICU versus Non-ICU |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Zhang et al. [15] | China | 140 | 57 | 71 (50) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus non-severe** | CKD |
| Yang et al. [16] | China | 52 | 59.7 | 35 (67) | Retrospective single center | Non-survivor versus Survivor |
AKI CRRT |
| Mo et al. Mar 2020 [17] | China | 155 | 54 | 86 (55) | Retrospective single center | General versus Refractory# | CKD |
| Wang et al. [18] | China | 339 | 69 | 166 (48) | Retrospective single center | Dead versus Survival |
AKI CKD |
| Ruan et al. [19] | China | 150 | 67 vs. 50 | 102 (68) | Retrospective multi-center | Died versus Discharged |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Zhou et al. [20] | China | 191 | 56 | 119 (62) | Retrospective multi-center | Non-survivor versus Survivor |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Chen et al. [21] | China | 21 | 56 | 17 (81) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus Moderate** | AKI |
| Qin et al. [22] | China | 452 | 58 | 235 (52) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus non-severe** | CKD |
| Zhao et al. [23] | China | 91 | 46 | 49 (54) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus Mild¶ |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Goyal et al. [24] | USA | 393 | 62.2 | 238 (61) | Retrospective multi-center | IMV versus No IMV |
CRRT CKD |
| Paranjpe et al. [25] | USA | 1078 | 65 | 627 (58) | Retrospective multi-center | In-hospital mortality versus Discharged alive | CKD |
| Wan et al. [26] | China | 135 | 47 | 72 (53) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus Mild** |
AKI CRRT |
| Zheng et al. [27] | China | 34 | 66 | 23 (68) | Retrospective single center | IMV versus No IMV¶¶ |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Hong et al. [28] | South Korea | 98 | 55.4 | 38 (39) | Retrospective single center | ICU versus Non-ICU |
AKI CRRT |
| Nowak et al. [29] | Poland | 169 | 64 | 87 (51) | Retrospective single center | Non-survivor versus Survivor |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Mikami et al. [30] | USA | 2820 | 76 vs. 62 | 1611 (41) | Retrospective multi-center | Non-survivor versus Survivor | CKD |
| Marcello et al. [31] | USA | 5010 | 61 | 3055 (61) | Retrospective multi-center | Died versus Discharged | CKD |
| Shahriarirad et al. [32] | Iran | 113 | 53.75 | 71 (63) | Retrospective multi-center | Severe versus non-severe* | CKD |
| Wang et al. [33] | China | 275 | 49 | 128 (46) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus non-severe** |
CKD CRRT |
| Zhang et al. [34] | China | 221 | 55 | 108 (49) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus non-severe** |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Suleyman et al. [35] | USA | 463 | 57.5 | 204 (44) | Retrospective single center | Hospitalized versus Discharged | CKD |
| Wang et al. [36] | China | 344 | 64 | 179 (52) | Retrospective single center | Non-survivor versus Survivor | AKI |
| Li et al. [37] | China | 548 | 60 | 279 (51) | Retrospective single center | Severe versus non-severe** |
CRRT CKD |
| Xu et al. [38] | China | 239 | 62 | 143 (60) | Retrospective single center | Non-survivor versus Survivor |
AKI CRRT |
| Ferguson et al. [39] | USA | 72 | 60.4 | 38 (53) | Retrospective multi-center | ICU versus Non-ICU |
AKI CRRT CKD |
| Yang et al. [40] | China | 136 | 56 | 66 (48) | Retrospective multi-center | (Severe + Critical) versus Mild | CKD |
| Total | 15,017 | ||||||
IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; CKD: comorbid chronic kidney disease; AKI: acute kidney injury; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy
*Using the American Thoracic Society guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia
**World Health Organization and the National Health Commission of China interim guidelines defined disease severity and improvement as follows: mild cases: the mild clinical symptoms and no pneumonia in imaging. Moderate cases: symptoms like fever and respiratory tract symptoms, etc., and pneumonia can be seen in imaging. Severe cases: meeting any of the following—respiratory distress, respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min; SpO2 ≤ 93% at rest; and PaO2/FIO2 ≤ 300. Patients with > 50% lesion progression within 24–48 h. Critical/extremely severe cases: if they have one of the following: respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, shock, and other organ failure requiring ICU treatment
#General COVID-19 was defined according to following criteria: (i) obvious alleviation of respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, chest distress and breath shortness) after treatment; (ii) maintenance of normal body temperature for ≥ 3 days without the use of corticosteroid or antipyretics; (iii) improvement in radiological abnormalities on chest CT or X-ray after treatment; (iv) a hospital stay of ≤ 10 days. Otherwise, it was classified as refractoryCOVID-19
¶Not mentioned
¶¶Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) included nasal oxygen therapy, mask oxygen inhalation; high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC).