TABLE 3.

Hierarchical regression models of reading ability predicted by visual–spatial ability and arithmetic ability.

Predictors	Reading ability
	Step 1 B (SE)	Step 2a B (SE)	Step 2b B (SE)	Step 3 B (SE)
Cognitive variables
Non-verbal IQ	0.31 (0.09)***	0.14 (0.09)	0.18 (0.09)*	0.13 (0.09)
RAN	−1.16 (0.17)***	−0.67 (0.19)***	−0.95 (0.18)***	−0.65 (0.19)***
Onset and rime deletion	0.30 (0.25)	0.30 (0.24)	0.29 (0.25)	0.29 (0.24)
Phoneme deletion	0.28 (0.19)	0.13 (0.19)	0.22 (0.19)	0.13 (0.19)
Morphological production	0.97 (0.12)***	0.88 (0.12)***	0.89 (0.12)***	0.86 (0.12)***
Arithmatic ability
Addition		0.03 (0.19)		−0.01 (0.19)
Subtraction		0.07 (0.18)		0.03 (0.19)
Multiplication		0.13 (0.21)		0.15 (0.22)
Division		0.35 (0.12)*		0.33 (0.12)**
Comparison		0.07 (0.15)		0.04 (0.15)
Blank filling		0.18 (0.13)		0.15 (0.14)
Visual–spatial ability
Number continuation			0.82 (0.27)**	0.39 (0.29)
Visual length			0.08 (0.10)	0.04 (0.10)
Figure counting			0.47 (0.17)**	0.17 (0.18)
Square counting			−0.14 (0.14)	−0.12 (0.13)
Number connection			0.02 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)
	R2 = 0.347	R2 = 0.408	R2 = 0.380	R2 = 0.413

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.