Table 1.
Characteristics of Women Enrolled in the Study of Risk Factors for Urogenital Schistosomiasis During Pregnancy and Effects on Birth and Child Health Outcomes
| Characteristic (n = 4437a) | Value |
|---|---|
| Maternal factors | |
| Parity, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) |
| Years of education, median (IQR) | 10 (9–11) |
| Age of mother, y, median (IQR) | 25.5 (20.5–31.2) |
| Age category,b n (%) | |
| Above 15 y | 4165 (99.5) |
| 15 y and younger | 22 (0.5) |
| Employed, n (%) | |
| Yes | 379 (8.7) |
| No | 3973 (91.3) |
| Married, n (%) | |
| Yes | 4008 (95.5) |
| No | 188 (4.5) |
| Religion, n (%) | |
| Apostolic | 1967 (46.6) |
| Other Christiansc | 1902 (45.0) |
| Other religions | 355 (8.4) |
| HIV status, n (%) | |
| Positive | 732 (16.5) |
| Negative | 3687 (83.1) |
| Unknown | 18 (0.4) |
| Household factors | |
| Household wealth, n (%) | |
| Lowest quintile | 877 (20.1) |
| Second quintile | 878 (20.1) |
| Middle quintile | 875 (20.1) |
| Fourth quintile | 866 (19.8) |
| Highest quintile | 869 (19.9) |
| Household size, median (IQR) | 5 (3–6) |
| WASH factors | |
| Median 1-way walk time to fetch water, min, median (IQR) | 10 (5–20) |
| Drinking water, n (%) | |
| Improved | 2703 (62.7) |
| Not improved | 1605 (37.3) |
| Any latrine, n (%) | |
| Yes | 1548 (36.0) |
| No | 2755 (64.0) |
| Improved latrine, n (%) | |
| Yes | 1355 (31.5) |
| No | 2943 (68.5) |
| Handwashing station, n (%) | |
| Yes | 376 (9.2) |
| No | 3702 (90.8) |
| Water available at handwashing station, n (%) | |
| Yes | 126 (3.1) |
| No | 3942 (96.9) |
| Environmental factors | |
| Minimum temperature, °C, median (IQR) | 11.7 (11.6–11.8) |
| Maximum temperature, °C, median (IQR) | 25.8 (25.6–25.9) |
| Mean rainfall, mm, median (IQR) | 595.9 (587.4–602.7) |
| Season at enrolment, n (%) | |
| Rainy | 1581 (35.8) |
| Cold | 1352 (30.6) |
| Hot and dry | 1488 (33.7) |
| Field office/hub, n (%) | |
| Chirumanzu district | |
| Mvuma | 983 (22.2) |
| St Theresa | 1096 (24.7) |
| Shurugwi district | |
| Shurugwi | 1416 (31.9) |
| Tongogara | 942 (21.2) |
Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; SHINE, Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy Study; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene.
aAll women enrolled in SHINE with baseline urine microscopy to detect Schistosoma haematobium eggs, known HIV status, and known pregnancy outcome.
bChildren aged 5–15 years are eligible for inclusion in Zimbabwean national mass antihelminthic drug administration programs, which were conducted annually in SHINE study districts. Pregnant girls are excluded from the mass drug administration programs.
cOther Christians include: Protestants, Pentecostals, Catholics, and other Christian groups.