Table 2.
Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equation Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for Being Schistosoma haematobium Egg-Positive or Hematuria-Positive Among Pregnant Women
| Factor | Multivariable GEE Logistic Regression Model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. haematobium Egg-Positive (n = 4437) | Hematuria-Positive (n = 4298) | |||
| Adjusted ORa,b (95% CI) | P | Adjusted ORa,c (95% CI) | P | |
| Maternal factors | ||||
| Education | 0.94 (.89–1.00) | .034 | 0.94 (.90–.98) | .003 |
| Age of mother | 0.94 (.92– .96) | <.001 | 0.97 (.95–.98) | <.001 |
| Religion | ||||
| Apostolic | 1.00 | |||
| Other Christiansd | 0.82 (.64– 1.05) | .115 | ||
| Other religions | 1.03 (.72– 1.46) | .886 | ||
| WASH factors | ||||
| Improved latrine | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | |||
| No | 1.30 (1.10–1.54) | .002 | ||
| Improved drinking water | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 1.27 (1.03– 1.57) | .023 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | .029 |
| Environmental factors | ||||
| Study hub | ||||
| Chirumanzu district | ||||
| Mvuma | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| St Theresa | 1.23 (.84–1.78) | .284 | 0.80 (.62–1.04) | .098 |
| Shurugwi district | ||||
| Shurugwi | 1.68 (1.22–2.30) | .001 | 1.99 (1.53–2.57) | <.001 |
| Tongogara | 1.24 (.87–1.76) | .234 | 1.20 (.92–1.57) | .169 |
| Season at enrolment | ||||
| Rainy | 1.00 | |||
| Cold | 1.19 (.99–1.44) | .067 | ||
| Hot and dry | 1.38 (1.14–1.67) | .001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GEE, generalized estimating equation; OR, odds ratio; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene.
aAdjusted for: all other factors included in the multivariable model; variables associated with egg and/or hematuria status at P < .25 in univariable GEE (Supplementary Table 2) were entered into multivariable GEE.
bOdds of being positive for ≥1 S. haematobium egg per 10mL urine.
cOdds of being positive for hematuria.
dOther Christians include: Protestants, Pentecostals, Catholics, and other Christian groups.