Table 2. Effects of multi-domain lifestyle interventions on sarcopenia and components at 3 month and 6 month.
| Lifestyle Interventions (mean ± SD) | Time | Group | Time*Group | |||||
| Nutritional (n = 47) | Cognitive (n = 49) | Physical (n = 48) | Combined (n = 49) | Standard Care (n = 49) | ||||
| Sarcopenia score | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.47 ± 0.88 | 1.63 ± 0.86 | 1.75 ± 0.79 | 1.40 ± 0.79 | 1.33 ± 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.307 | 0.059 |
| 3 Month*** | 1.11 ± 0.94 | 1.25 ± 0.87 | 1.12 ± 0.75 | 1.00 ± 0.72 | 1.02 ± 0.73 | |||
| 6 Month*** | 1.14 ± 0.92 | 1.27 ± 0.75 | 0.93 ± 0.72 | 0.98 ± 0.88 | 1.02 ± 0.80 | |||
| Change (mean (95% CI)) | ||||||||
| 3 Month | –0.24 (–0.47, –0.02) | –0.38 (–0.65, –0.10) | –0.56 (–0.81, –0.32) | –0.40 (–0.62, –0.17) | –0.28 (–0.56, 0.01) | |||
| 6 Month | –0.22 (–0.45, 0.02) | –0.35 (–0.57, –0.13) | –0.76 (–0.99, –0.52)§§ | –0.40 (–0.60, –0.19) | –0.28 (–0.54, –0.01) | |||
| ASMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Baseline | 6.14 ± 1.25 | 5.70 ± 0.93 | 6.12 ± 0.98 | 6.41 ± 1.15 | 6.21 ± 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.066 | 0.635 |
| 3 Month** | 6.28 ± 1.26 | 5.92 ± 1.06 | 6.21 ± 1.01 | 6.40 ± 1.14 | 6.21 ± 0.85 | |||
| 6 Month*** | 6.26 ± 1.27 | 5.92 ± 1.09 | 6.24 ± 1.01 | 6.44 ± 1.14 | 6.19 ± 0.90 | |||
| Change (mean (95% CI)) | ||||||||
| 3 Month | 0.12 (0.03, 0.20) | 0.15 (–0.01, 0.30) | 0.05 (–0.03, 0.12) | –0.01(–0.15, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) | |||
| 6 Month | 0.09 (0.01, 0.18) | 0.15 (–0.01, 0.30) | 0.07 (–0.00, 0.15) | 0.04 (–0.05, 0.12) | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | |||
| Lower limb strength, kg | ||||||||
| Baseline | 14.25 ± 5.86 | 12.71 ± 3.40 | 13.72 ± 4.17 | 15.10 ± 6.15 | 15.06 ± 4.74 | <0.001 | 0.255 | 0.012 |
| 3 Month*** | 15.43 ± 5.88 | 14.72 ± 5.77 | 16.13 ± 5.54 | 16.02 ± 6.17 | 16.22 ± 5.54 | |||
| 6 Month*** | 15.05 ± 4.79 | 15.16 ± 5.24 | 16.88 ± 5.47 | 17.77 ± 6.79 | 15.17 ± 4.47 | |||
| Change (mean (95% CI)) | ||||||||
| 3 Month | 1.17 (–0.21, 2.54) | 1.96 (0.37, 3.56) | 2.42 (1.05, 3.78) | 0.84 (–0.47, 2.15) | 1.33 (–0.38, 3.04) | |||
| 6 Month | 0.62 (–0.59, 1.83) | 2.42 (1.04, 3.80)§ | 3.16 (1.71, 4.61)§§ | 2.75 (1.46, 4.05)§ | 0.53 (–0.88, 1.95) | |||
| Gait speed, second | ||||||||
| Baseline | 5.75 ± 1.75 | 5.39 ± 1.17 | 6.08 ± 2.08 | 5.39 ± 1.25 | 5.47 ± 1.77 | <0.001 | 0.382 | 0.355 |
| 3 Month*** | 4.83 ± 1.20 | 4.76 ± 0.98 | 4.79 ± 0.89 | 4.74 ± 1.20 | 4.90 ± 1.73 | |||
| 6 Month*** | 4.99 ± 1.03 | 4.62 ± 0.81 | 4.97 ± 1.04 | 4.83 ± 1.13 | 4.79 ± 0.99 | |||
| Change (mean (95% CI)) | ||||||||
| 3 Month | –0.92 (–1.43, –0.41) | –0.59 (–0.98, –0.20) | –1.29 (–1.87, –0.71)§ | –0.64 (–1.06, –0.23) | –0.57 (–1.09, –0.04) | |||
| 6 Month | –0.71 (–1.22, –0.21) | –0.80 (–1.16, –0.43) | –1.10 (–1.73, –0.48) | –0.52 (–0.92, –0.11) | –0.69 (–1.19, –0.18) | |||
Abbreviations: ASMI = Appendicular skeletal muscle index. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. baseline level; §p < 0.05, §§p < 0.01 vs. standard care group.