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. 2020 Jun 25;117(5):1295–1308. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa171

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Metformin induces atheroprotective gene in mBMM dependent on AMPK and ATF1. Genes are as indicated on each sub-graph. X-axes, log time scale after stimulation of mBMM (in days). Y-axes, fold induction from untreated controls (calculated by −ΔΔCt method). Modulated genes, knockouts and littermate controls are as indicated, either Prkab1−/− (A) or Atf1−/− (B). In C, repression of iNOS (Nos2) is shown under baseline conditions. Metformin represses expression of Nos2, and this repression is dependent on both Prkab1 and Atf1. Statistical testing was by ANOVA with Holm–Sidak post hoc correction, after normality testing (Shapiro–Wilk), n = 6–8 different mice per condition. (D) In hMDM, metformin repression of OxLDL-mediated induction of Nos2 is clearer when OxLDL is used to induce NOS2, the repression is clearer. Mean ± SE, *P < 0.05, n = 5 different mice.