Table 4. Individual and community-level factors associated with anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa.
| Variables | Null model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR with 95% CI | AOR with 95% CI | AOR with 95% CI | ||
| Individual-level variables | ||||
| Maternal age (in years) | ||||
| <20 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–29 | 0.82 [0.78, 0.87] | 0.82 [0.78, 0.86]** | ||
| 30–39 | 0.69 [0.65, 0.73] | 0.68 [0.65, 0.73]** | ||
| 40–49 | 0.60 [0.56, 0.64] | 0.60 [0.56, 0.64]** | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| No formal education | 2.10 [1.95, 2.25] | 1.73 [1.60, 1.86]* | ||
| Primary | 1.27 [1.18, 1.37] | 1.39 [1.29, 1.50]* | ||
| Secondary | 1.21 [1.13, 1.30] | 1.27 [1.18, 1.36]* | ||
| Higher | 1 | 1 | ||
| Household wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | 1.31 [1.26, 1.36] | 1.39 [1.33, 1.45]** | ||
| Poorer | 1.28 [1.23, 1.33] | 1.32 [1.26, 1.37]* | ||
| Middle | 1.19 [1.15, 1.24] | 1.20 [1.15, 1.25]* | ||
| Richer | 1.15 [1.11, 1.19] | 1.15 [1.11, 1.20]* | ||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Family size | ||||
| ≤4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 5–8 | 1.05 [1.02, 1.08] | 1.04 [1.01, 1.06]* | ||
| ≥9 | 1.25 [1.21, 1.30] | 1.13 [1.09, 1.16]* | ||
| Maternal anemia | ||||
| No-anemic | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mild | 1.62 [1.58, 1.66] | 1.54 [1.51, 1.58]* | ||
| Moderate | 2.20 [2.13, 2.27] | 1.93 [1.87, 2.00]* | ||
| Severe | 3.06 [2.73, 3.44] | 2.81 [2.50, 3.16]** | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.02 [0.99, 1.04] | 0.94 [0.92, 1.01] | ||
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 1 | 1 | ||
| Health facility | 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 1.04 [0.98, 1.07] | ||
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | 1.13 [1.11, 1.16] | 1.13 [1.11, 1.16]** | ||
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||
| Age of child (in months) | ||||
| 6–23 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 24–59 | 0.47 [0.46, 0.48] | 0.46 [0.45, 0.47]* | ||
| Size of child at birth | ||||
| Average | 1 | 1 | ||
| Small | 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 0.99 [0.97, 1.03] | ||
| Large | 1.01 [0.99, 1.04] | 0.98 [0.96, 1.01] | ||
| Type of birth | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Multiple | 1.20 [1.13, 1.28] | 1.18 [1.11, 1.25]** | ||
| Taking drug for intestinal parasite in the last 6 months | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.87 [0.85, 0.89] | 0.91 [0.89, 0.93]** | ||
| Diarrhea in the last two weeks | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.11 [1.08, 1.14] | 1.12 [1.09, 1.16]* | ||
| Fever in the last two weeks | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.45 [1.40, 1.46] | 1.46 [1.42, 1.49]* | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–3 | 1.06 [1.03, 1.10] | 1.07 [1.04, 1.10]* | ||
| 4–5 | 1.13 [1.08, 1.17] | 1.14 [1.10, 1.19]** | ||
| ≥6 | 1.18 [1.12, 1.23] | 1.23 [1.17, 1.29]** | ||
| Wasting status | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Wasted | 1.14 [1.08, 1.19] | 1.09 [1.04, 1.15]* | ||
| Underweight status | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Underweight | 1.30 [1.25, 1.34] | 1.24 [1.20, 1.28]** | ||
| Stunting | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Stunted | 1.23 [1.20, 1.26] | 1.29 [1.26, 1.32]** | ||
| Community level variable | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1.41 [1.38, 1.44] | 1.02 [0.99, 1.05] | ||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| sub-Saharan African region | ||||
| West Africa | 1 | 1 | ||
| East Africa | 0.40 [0.39, 0.41] | 0.48 [0.47, 0.49]* | ||
| Central Africa | 0.34 [0.32, 0.36] | 0.59 [0.57, 0.61]* | ||
| South Africa | 0.56 [0.55, 0.58] | 0.45 [0.43, 0.48]* | ||
| /cut1 | -0.60 [-0.61, -0.58] | -0.17 [-0.26,-0.08] | -0.89[-0.91,-0.86] | -0.64 [-0.74, -0.55] |
| /cut2 | 0.48 [0.46, 0.50] | 1.01 [0.92, 1.11] | 0.23 [0.21, 0.26] | 0.57 [0.47, 0.66] |
| /cut3 | 3.46 [3.43, 3.49] | 4.19 [4.09, 4.28] | 3.28 [3.25, 3.32] | 3.77 [3.67, 3.87] |
| Random effect analysis result | ||||
| Community level variance | 0.48 [0.43, 0.54] | 0.023 [0.019, 0.03] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.037] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.027] |
| LR-test | Prob > = chibar2 <0.001 | |||
| ICC | 12.73% [11.56%, 14.10] | |||
| MOR | 1.93 [1.86, 2.01] | |||
| LLR | -162528.7 | -158892.5 | -146190.1 | -144602.4 |
| Deviance (-2LLR) | 325057.4 | 317785 | 292380.2 | 289204.8 |
*p-value<0.05
**p-value<0.01: AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio: CI: Confidence Interval: ICC = Intra-class Correlation Coefficient: LR = Likelihood Ratio: LLR = Log-likelihood Ratio: MOR: Median Odds Ratio: WAZ = Z-scores for Weight-for-Age: WHZ = Weight-for-Height: HAZ: Height-for-Age.