Table 2.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the study participants {intent to treat (n = 100)}.
| Variables | Control group (n = 50) | Intervention group$ (n = 50) | p value∗# |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Age (years) | 50 ± 8 | 51 ± 8.2 | 0.51 |
| Male n (%) | 20 (40) | 31 (62) | 0.04 |
| Height (cm) | 158 ± 10 | 162 ± 8.3 | 0.08 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.3 ± 14.0 | 73.5 ± 14.2 | 0.92 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 5.4 | 28.0 ± 4.3 | 0.19 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98 ± 12 | 97 ± 11 | 0.57 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 17 | 125 ± 15 | 0.90 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 ± 10.8 | 83 ± 7 | 0.27 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 163 ± 52 | 173 ± 51 | 0.31 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.4 | 0.04 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)a | 140 (125, 159) | 163 (140, 190) | 0.10 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188 ± 41 | 195 ± 48 | 0.40 |
| TChol/HDL-ratio | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 0.007 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 5.1 ± 2.7 | 0.68 |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1570 ± 345 | 1401 ± 336 | 0.01 |
| Carbohydrate % E/day | 58.1 ± 6.0 | 59.0 ± 5.7 | 0.43 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 224.8 ± 46.2 | 202.9 ± 41.8 | 0.01 |
| Protein % E/day | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 12.0 ± 1.4 | 0.81 |
| Protein (g/day) | 47.0 ± 10.5 | 42.0 ± 9.6 | 0.01 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 44.7 ± 16.1 | 39.1 ± 18.6 | 0.10 |
| Total fat % E/day | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 24.0 ± 5.4 | 0.40 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 11.3 ± 4.6 | 10.0 ± 4.7 | 0.16 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids % E/day | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 0.71 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 16.2 ± 6.1 | 14.4 ± 7.0 | 0.16 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids % E/day | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 0.69 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 12.4 ± 5.0 | 10.6 ± 4.7 | 0.06 |
| Saturated fatty acids % E/day | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 0.37 |
| Total dietary fibre (g/day) | 25.5 ± 7.0 | 23.8 ± 7.3 | 0.24 |
| Physical activity level | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.34 |
Data presented as mean ± SD. aAntilogarithmic values were presented as mean and 95% CI. $High-Protein High-Fibre 2 sachets per day (25 g/sachet in 200 ml water) for 24 weeks. ∗Significance tested using an independent t-test, #significance tested using the chi-square test.