Fig. 1.

Evaluation of disinfection effectiveness against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on each human skin sample (sample nos 1, 2 and 3) and of in vitro disinfection effectiveness. The log reduction value was calculated using the virus titres under conditions where phosphate-buffered saline was used instead of disinfectant as a control to evaluate the disinfectant effectiveness under each condition. Target disinfectants used included 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% (w/w) ethanol (a), 70% (w/w) isopropanol (b); 0.2% and 1.0% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (c); and 0.05% and 0.2% (w/v) benzalkonium chloride (d). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of more than three independent experiments (error bars represent the standard deviation). Abbreviations: BAC, benzalkonium chloride; CHG, chlorhexidine gluconate; EA, ethanol; IPA, isopropanol.