Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Problem Gambling
| Whether purchased loot boxes in the past year | Descriptive statistics |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
na (%) |
OR |
95% CI lower |
95% CI upper |
OR |
95% CI lower |
95% CI upper |
OR |
95% CI lower |
95% CI upper |
|
| p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 3,072 (86.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 412 (12.1) | 12.0 | 7.7 | 18.7 | 9.0 | 5.7 | 14.3 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 7.8 |
| Unsure | 65 (1.8) | 5.7 | 2.3 | 14.2 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 10.9 | 8.0 | 3.3 | 19.6 |
| Sex | p = 0.462 | p = 0.463 | p = 0.372 | |||||||
| Male | 1,627 (51.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Female | 1,922 (48.7) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 |
| Age group | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.543 | |||||||
| 16–18 | 1,103 (33.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 19–21 | 1,212 (31.0) | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.6 |
| 22–24 | 1,234 (35.6) | 1.7 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
| Ethnic group | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||
| White/White British | 2,919 (81.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Asian | 258 (7.2) | 2.3 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 6.4 |
| Black | 58 (1.7) | 4.7 | 2.2 | 10.0 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 11.1 | 5.7 | 1.8 | 17.9 |
| Mixed/Other | 162 (4.5) | 5.2 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 2.5 | 12.3 |
| Unknown | 159 (4.6) | 3.0 | 1.3 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 9.0 |
| Economic status | p = 0.835 | p = 0.596 | p = 0.229 | |||||||
| In education, employment, or training | 3,107 (87.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Not in education, employment, or training | 442 (12.6) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 3.0 |
| Impulsivity | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Impulsivity score | Mean score: 2.35 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.3 | |||
| Past year participation inb: | ||||||||||
| Lotteries | 629 (17.5) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Scratchcards | 662 (19.1) | 1.6 | 0.7 | 3.7 | ||||||
| Slot machines | 217 (6.2) | 1.7 | 0.8 | 3.5 | ||||||
| Machines in bookmakers (formerly fixed odd betting terminals) | 66 (2.1) | 1.9 | 0.7 | 5.3 | ||||||
| Betting on online** | 521 (14.9) | 2.5 | 1.3 | 4.8 | ||||||
| Gambling on online casino games or slots | 138 (4.0) | 2.2 | 0.9 | 5.6 | ||||||
| Gambling on online bingo | 68 (1.8) | 1.7 | 0.4 | 7.6 | ||||||
| Betting at a bookmakers** | 258 (7.1) | 4.8 | 2.4 | 9.6 | ||||||
| Playing casino games at a casino | 101 (2.9) | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Playing bingo at a club* | 205 (5.4) | 2.2 | 1.0 | 4.9 | ||||||
| Football pools | 93 (2.7) | 1.2 | 0.4 | 3.3 | ||||||
| Playing poker at a pub/club** | 46 (1.3) | 10.8 | 3.1 | 36.9 | ||||||
| Private betting or gambling with friends, family or colleagues | 333 (9.7) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | ||||||
a
Bases are unweighted while proportions are weighted.
b
All odds are presented relative to the reference category of having not participated in each activity in the past year.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.